5.1 Using Anatomical Terminology PDF

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5.1 Using Anatomical Terminology ● Anatomical Position: The standard orientation of the body (standing straight, looking forwards, arms at side, hands facing forward), used to describe locations and relationship of anatomical parts of the body

The Anatomical Position ● Diagrams of anatomical positions portray the person with: ○ An upright, standing position with their head, eyes, and toes pointing forward ○ Feet together and arms slightly out to the side ○ Forearms fully supinated; palms of the hands are facing forwards

Anterior & Posterior ● Anterior (Ventral): The front surfaces ● Posterior (Dorsal): The back surfaces

Superior & Inferior ● Superior: Upward surfaces ● Inferior: Downward surfaces

Medial & Lateral ● Medial: Towards midline or median plane ● Lateral: Away from the midline or median plane

Proximal & Distal ● Proximal: Towards point of attachment ● Distal: Farther away from the point of attachment

Superficial & Deep ● Superficial: On or close to the surface ● Deep: Farther away from the surface

Anatomical Planes ● Anatomical Planes: Imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or organ; mutually perpendicular (dot product is 0) ● There are 3 anatomical planes ○ Frontal Plane (Coronal): The vertical plane that extends from the side of the body to the other side ○ Transverse Plane (Horizontal): The horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower segments ○ Sagittal Plane (Median): Vertical plane that extends from the front of the body to the back

● Coronal and sagittal planes derive their name from the direction of sutures in the cranium ● There can be any number of these imaginary divisions depending on the body part being studied ● Anatomical planes can be used to describe directional cuts (sections) through parts of the body ○ E.g. ○ The “frontal section” of heart exposes the section of heart from the front ○ The “sagittal section” exposes the parts from the side

○ The “transverse section” exposes from the top to the bottom

Anatomical Axes ● Anatomical Axes: An imaginary line (point of rotation) that passes through the body to describe movement at joints ● There are 3 anatomical axes ○ Horizontal Axis (Frontal; Coronal): Extends from one side of the body to the other ○ Longitudinal Axis (Polar): Vertical axes, extends from head to toe ○ Antero-posterior Axis (Sagittal): Extends from the front of the body to the back ● Planes and axes are sometimes referred to by the same name ● Body movements are described in terms of the anatomical plane through which it occurs and the anatomical axis around which it rotates ○ E.g. Raising one's arm to the side occurs in the frontal plane and the antero-posterior axis ● The axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement

Describing Movement at Joints ● Bones are connected at an area called joints, which are held together by various connective tissues including ligaments and muscles ● From the anatomical position, the following are used to describe the movement at joints

Flexion & Extension ● Flexion: Bending a joint such that the joint angle decreases ● Extension: Bending a joint such that the joint angle increases

Abduction & Adduction ● Abduction: Moving a body segment to the side and away from the body

● Adduction: Moving a body segment to the side and towards the body

Supination & Pronation ● Supination: Rotating the wrist such that palm is facing outwards ● Pronation: Rotating the wrist such that the palm is facing inwards

Plantar Flexion & Dorsiflexion (Specific to the Ankle) ● Plantar Flexion: Pointing of the toes ● Dorsiflexion: Bending the ankle to bring the toes closer to shin

Inversion & Eversion (Specific to the Ankle) ● Inversion: Tilting of the sole towards the midline; result of standing on the outer edge of the foot; most twisted ankles ● Eversion: Tilting of the sole away from the midline; result of standing on the inner edge of the foot

External & Internal Rotation ● External Rotation: Twisting or turning a body part outward from the midline ● Internal Rotation: Twisting or turning a body part inward towards the midline

Circumduction ● Circumduction: A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; “windmill” action

Elevation & Depression ● Elevation: Movement in a superior (upwards) direction ● Depression: Movement in the inferior (downwards) direction

Protraction & Retraction ● Protraction: Moving in an anterior (forward) direction ● Retraction: Moving in a posterior (backward) direction

Opposition & Reposition (Specific to the Thumb) ● Opposition: When the thumb comes into contact with one of the other fingers ● Reposition: When the thumb is returned back to the anatomical position...