A P 2 Study Guide Connect Quiz 3 2019 PDF

Preview

Summary

Download A P 2 Study Guide Connect Quiz 3 2019 PDF

Description

Study Guide: Connect Quiz # 3

How does HCl acid convert pepsinogen into pepsin? Pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells so hydrochloric acid removes some of the amino acids from it and forms pepsin Pepsin is autocatalytic. What does that mean? As some pepsin is formed it converts more pepsinogen into more pepsin What other than water can be absorbed in the stomach?

What cranial nerve helps control digestion? Vagus nerve helps because when we smell or sense food it automatically stimulates gastric juice What are the phases of stomach control (3 of them)? Cephalic phase—stomach is controlled by the brain Gastric phase – stomach is controlling itself, Intestinal phase—stomach is being controlled by the small intestine *look at picture What do histamine, secretin, CCK, and gastrin do? Secretin- stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic juice high in bicarbonate ions CCK- stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic juice high in enzymes Gastrin also stimulates acid and enzymes What stimulates the G cells to release gastrin? Elevated pH gastrin stimulates parietal and chief cells which secrete pepsinogen and HCL which then becomes pepsin

The double supply of blood to the liver: Blood from the hepatic artery brings oxygen to the liver. Blood from the hepatic portal vein brings blood rich in nutrients to the liver from the digestive tract so it can be detoxified by the hepatocytes. Both blood supplies flow into the central vein and then into the hepatic vein and back into general circulation by way of the inferior vena cava. The hepatocytes also produce bile that is sent to the gall bladder.

Why are sodium and potassium pumped across the capillary end of the intestinal epithelium? It allows glucose to be transported into the ECF via the glucose transported

What is the hepatic triad? Bile duct, hepatic portal vein, hepatic portal artery How is ingested iron Fe3+ (Ferric) converted to the iron Fe2+ (Ferrous) we can use for hemoglobin? Hydrochloric acid activates lingual lipase which and pepsin. What are all the functions of the liver? Secretes bile which contributes to digestion, it also produces albumin and helps maintain glucose levels What are the endocrine and exocrine products of the pancreas? Endocrine  releases insulin when we have eaten a lot it takes glucose out of the blood and stores it in the liver. Glucagon (the opposite) taps into the glycogen supply when we haven’t eaten in a while and releases glucose into the blood. Exocrine  produces bicarb which is baking soda like as well as lipase which is produced by the pancreas and decreases fats What do insulin and glucagon do?^^^^ What do pancreatic amylase and lipase and trypsin do? Pancreatic amylase digests starch Pancreatic lipase- digests fats TrypsinTrypsin is autocatalytic. What does that mean? Converts trypsinogen into more trypsin Which cells make intrinsic factor? What does it do? The intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells and is essential to the absorption of Vitamin B12 by the small intestine it binds to vitamin B12 and allows intestinal cells to absorb it. It is also needed to synthesize

hemoglobin. The intrinsic factor is the only indispensable function of the stomach. Lack of this produces pernicious anemia Monosaccharide Isomers: glucose, fructose, galactose.

Disaccharide isomers: maltose, sucrose, galactose. When reaching the small intestine pancreatic amylase converts starch into maltose within 10 mins. Maltose and other disaccharides are then contacted by brush border enzymes which break them further down into monosaccharides. What do these brush border enzymes do: enterokinase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase? Enterokinase-converts trypsinogen into trypsin Maltase sucrase and lactase- break down disaccharides into monosaccharides How do glucose, fructose, and galactose get into the epithelial lining and then into the blood stream? The plasma membrane has absorptive cells that absorb monosaccharides as soon as brush border enzymes release them. They are then taken up by sodium glucose transport proteins.

What is solvent drag, facilitated diffusion, symport, and antiport? Glucose is transported out the base of absorptive cells and into ECF by facilities diffusion and SGLT absorbs other nutrients through this process this also increases osmolarity. Water is drawn from the lumen of the intestines through leaky tight junctions and carries other nutrients with it by the solvent drag. How do epithelial cells in the intestines increase surface area? At their free surfaces the epithelial cells have many fine extensions called microvilli that from brush like border and greatly increase the surface area of the intestinal cells and enhance absorption. Lacteal is where the fats eventually latch on to. What does the bacteria Helicobacter pylori do? Causes gastric ulcers, inflammation of the stomach lining

What is the difference between segmentation and peristalsis? Segmentation- is when the muscles contract rhythmically in a mixing motion Peristalsis- propels materials in one direction What is a lacteal? Each villus consists of a layer of simple columnar epithelium and core of connective tissue containing blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called lacteal If you are lactose intolerant, why can you still eat yogurt and cheese? Cheese and yogurt have bacteria that have broken down lactose...