Anatomy and Physiology I Unit 1 Exam Review PDF

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CHAPTER 1    -

Anatomy- Structures of the human body Physiology- The function of the structures of the human body Levels of Organization within the human body: Atoms -> Molecules -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism (A,M,C,T,O,OS,Org)

Ex.) Test question: What is the correct order of the levels of structural organization? -

Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism

Ex.) Test question: Which of the following is NOT a life function? A. B. C. D.

Digestion Maintaining boundaries High thinking skills Metabolism

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D,G,M,M,R,R (Differentiation, Growth, Metabolism, Movement, Responsiveness, Reproduction)

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Negative Feedback Loop- Ways to reverse an action - Ex. Body temp regulation, if the body is cold when it will respond by bringing the temp up and then shut off once the appropriate temp has been reached Positive Feedback Loop- Ways to promote, enforce an action or event

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Ex.) Labor contractions, natural birth, the body’s response to the need to begin labor, a positive force to deliver the baby, blood clot 

Anatomical Position - The body is face forward, erect - Palms supine - Feet slightly apart - Thumbs lateral

Ex.) Test Question: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Anatomical Position? A. B. C. D.

Body is erect Feet widely spread apart Thumbs lateral Palms supine

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Directional Terms- Describe areas on the body/positions -

Superior/Inferior

Ex.) Heart is SUPERIOR to the stomach

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Posterior/Anterior

Ex.) The nose is ANTERIOR to the occipital lobe -

Medial/Lateral

Ex.) The heart is MEDIAL to the lungs -

Proximal/Distal

Ex.) The wrist is PROXIMAL to the phalanges -

Superficial/Deep

Ex.) The skin is SUPERFICIAL to muscles 

Divisions of the Body

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- Axial Division- Head, Neck, Trunk of the body - Appendicular Division- Everything that attaches to the trunk of the body Abdominal Sectioning:

Ex.) Test Question: What organs are located in the 9 regions of the abdominal cavity

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Major Body Cavities- Ventral: Thoracic: Lungs, Heart, Ribs, - Abdominal Pelvic: Digestive, Liver, - Pelvic: Reproductive Organs, Bladder - Dorsal: Spinal Cord, Skull - Spinal/Vertebral - Cranial

CHAPTER 2       

Atoms: Smallest unit of life Protons: Positively charged atoms p+ Electrons: Negatively charged atoms eNeutrons: Neutral n0 Molecules: More than one atom Compound: More than one molecule Solution: Molecules mix well with one another to become homogeneous, due to being HYDROPHILIC Ex.) Water

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Suspension: Molecules do NOT mix well with one another, due to being HYDROPHOBIC Ex.) Blood

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4 Major Chemical Bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen - Ionic: Share electrons and have a weak bond Ex. Salt Na Cl - Covalent: Share valence electrons, electrons that are found in the outer most ring Ex. H2

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2 Types Covalent Bonds: - Double bonds- Share 2 ve- Triple bonds- Share 2 ve-

Polar VS Nonpolar - Polar: Unequal sharing of electrons - Nonpolar: Equal sharing of electrons  Hydrogen Bonding: H+ and it pairs with negatively charged molecules, weakest bond Ex. H with O  Chemical Reactions 1. Synthesis: Take 2 small monomers and adding them together to form a larger molecule (Building up) 

Ex. Formation of water taking hydrogen molecules and adding oxygen to form water 2. Decomposition: Starting with a molecule and ending with 2 monomers (Breaking down) 3. Exchange: Switching of molecules within a reaction

- Acids and Bases range from 0-7-14 - The greater the hydrogen the more acidic - The greater the hydroxide the more basic

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Buffers help neutralize acids, if we add a buffer to an acidic solution it will make that acidic solution more basic Ex. NaOH

Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrates- Sugars A. Monosaccharides- simple sugars B. Disaccharides- 2 Monosaccharides put together by covalent bonds Ex. Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose C. Polysaccharides- Long chains of monosaccharides Ex. Glycogen- human starch, and Cellulose- plants 2. Lipids/Fats A. Fatty Acids- Formed from many carbon atoms stuck together - Saturated - Unsaturated B. Triglycerides- Long chains of fatty acids - Storage of fat C. Phospholipids- Fatty acids with phosphate groups - Compose well walls - Steroids, hormones made from cholesterol 3. Proteins/Amino Acids A. Structure - Primary: Long chain of amino acids link to each other through peptide bonds - Secondary: Multiple primary proteins link together to form sheets - Tertiary: - Quaternary: 4. Enzymes- proteins that speed up reactions or catalysts 5. Nucleic Acids A. DNA- contain all genetic material is in the shape of double helix, the backbone of DNA are sugars and phosphate

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Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine B. RNA- Carry out functions Adenine-Uracil, Cytosine-Guanine C. ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate- provides the energy for many chemical and cellular reactions in the body

CHAPTER 3: CELLS Sizes and Shapes: Squamos- Flat, fish like scales Cuboidal- Cubes Columnar- Long rectangles Simple- 1 Layer Stratified- Multiple layers Cell Functions: -

Metabolism: Communication: With other cells to perform specific functions Reproduction: Cells are constantly dying, we always have to regenerate more Synthesis: Because cells make molecules, and proteins Plasma Membrane: Active Transport: Requires energy (need ATP) Passive Transport: Does NOT require energy/ATP Facilitate the movement of molecules in and out of a cell

Passive Transport -

Filtration: Passive red blood cells, water and other small molecules Simple Diffusion: Passive small molecules, factors that influence this are (temp, surface area, membrane permeability)  Osmosis: Diffusion of water, movement from a higher concentration to a lower concentration  Tonicity- various ways in which fluid volume affects cell states A. Isotonic- Same concentration of solute inside cell as outside B. Hypertonic- Concentration is higher outside the cell than inside- Shrinks, Crenation C. Hypotonic- Concentration is higher inside the cell than outside- Burst, Lyse  Facilitated Diffusion - Requires the use of another protein to help it move across the membrane  Active Transport - Low to high concentration - Need ATP Ex.) Sodium Potassium Pump -

Resting membrane potential

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We want sodium outside and potassium to come inside Sodium can only go out if ATP opens the channel so the sodium release and potassium can come in

Additional Cellular Transport Systems - Exocytosis: Transporting proteins or small molecules OUT of the cell - Creating small vesicles (balls) of the substance to excrete - Endocytosis: Transporting proteins or small molecules INSIDE the cell - Molecules collect on cell surface and the cell surface absorbs them - Phagocytosis: Cell Eating, eating foreign or invading cells - Pinocytosis: Cell drinking of foreign fluid and materials Plasma Membrane: Made of phospholipids, enable the cell membrane to be flexible

Surface Cells: -

Receptors: Bind molecules, proteins, and enables cell signaling Enzymes: Catalyzes reactions on the cell surface Channels: Little pores or passageways for molecules to move in and out of cell Cell Markers: A protein that is specific to each individual cell Microvilli/Cilia: Little hair like structures movement and attachment

CELL STRUCTURE Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER

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CELL FUNCTION Protein synthesis, RNA+Protein sandwich Protein synthesis Fatty acid, lipid, steroid synthesis and storage Golgi Aparatus “Post Office”, collects, organize, package, distribute, transport proteins and add carbohydrate or lipids through cisternae, important for secretion Lysosomes “Garbage Disposal”, vesicles from GA, breaks down and rids of foreign, unwanted substances and materials, contains digestive enzymes Peroxisomes Oxidases detoxifies toxic substances and materials from the blood like alc in liver Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the cell”, aerobic cellular respiration, breaks down glucose and generates ATP, inner and outer membranes are cristae and matrix Nucleus DNA replication and gene transcription, Nuclear Envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolus produces ribosomes, chromosomes are long DNA+Protein(histone) molecules and genes are the hereditary unit that controls activities and structures of the cell Cytoskeleton Forms the skeleton of the cell Follow the highlights, bolded, under lighted, colored, repeated Become familiar with diagrams (fill ins) No labeling No chapter 5...