Animal PHYS-BIOL 316-FALL 2018- Jenny Ouyang- Vocab-UNIT ONE PDF

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UNIT ONE VOCAB
BIOL 316
JENNY OUYANG
COMPAR ANIMAL PHYS...

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BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

 ● ACTIVATION ENZYMES: ○ The minimal amount of energy a molecule must gain to enter its transition state during a chemical reaction. Enzymes speed reactions by lowering the activation energy, making achievement of the transition state more likely. ● ACTIVE TRANSPORT: ○ The transport of a solute across a membrane by a membrane by a mechanism that is capable of using metabolic energy to cause solute molecules to move across the membrane. ○ It’s capable of making a solute move away from equilibrium. ○ It needs energy to work. It’s going against what it “should”

■  ● ADAPTATION: ○ A genetically controlled trait that, through the process of natural selection, has come to be present at high frequency in a population because it congers a greater probability of survival and successful reproduction in the prevailing environment than available alternative states. ● AEROBIC CAPACITY: ○ A synonym for VO2MAX

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

● AEROBIC ○ Requiring O2  ● AEROBIC PATHWAYS: ○ Catabolic pathways requiring O2.  Usually refers to Krebs cycle and electron transport ● ANAEROBIC: ○ Capable of functioning without O2 ● ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS: ○ The reactions that convert glucose to lactic acid. ● AQUAPORINS: ○ Integral membrane proteins that form pore in the membrane of biological cells facilitating transport of water between cells. ● AROUSAL: ○ In the study of hibernation ■ The emergence of an animal from hibernation, involving the rewarming of tissues to ordinary homeothermic temperatures. ● ASSIMILATION: ○ In the study of nutritional physiology. ● BAT (Brown Adipose Tissue): ○ A metabolically active form of adipose tissue, known only in mammals, that serves as the primary site of mammalian nonshivering thermogenesis and expresses a distinctive mitochondrial protein, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) ● UPC1: ○ Synonym for BAT ● BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate): ○ The metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal when it is in its thermoneutral zone. Resting and fasting. ● BOTTOM UP: ○  ● CALORIMETRY:

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

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○ Measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due to ■ Chemical reactions ■ Physical changes ■ Phase transitions CARBS ○ Carbon ○ Hydrogen ○ Oxygen ○ Monosaccharides CATALYST ENZYMES: ○ The increase in the rate of chemical reaction by the active site of a protein Catalytic Rate Constant (Kcat) ○ The number of substrate molecules a unit of enzyme is capable of converting to product per unit of time when the enzyme is saturated CELL MEMBRANE: ○ The membrane that encloses an animal cell and forms the outer boundary of the cell. Also called the plasma membrane. CHEMICAL GRADIENTS: ○  CONDUCTION ○ The transfer of heat by intermolecular collisions through a material that is macroscopically motionless CONVECTION ○ Mass flow ○ Transfer of heat by the mass flow of a material substance (ex wind) COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

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○ The exchange of heat, oxygen, or other substances by passive transport process, diffusion, between two closely juxtaposed fluid streams flowing in opposite direction. ○ Flowing in opposite directions in two blood vessels  DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY ○ The study of functional properties in successive stages of the development of an individual animal. ○ Including studies of function in early developmental states as well as in adults DIFFERENT TYPES ○  DOUBLY LABELED WATER METHOD ○ A method used to measure the metabolic rate of a free-living animal in which water labeled with unusual isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen is injected into the animal. ○ It estimates the animal's rate of carbon dioxide production also called the D182O method. ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS ○  ECTOTHERMS (Poikilotherm) ○ An animal in which the body temperature is determined by equilibration of the body with the thermal condition in the environment ○  ELECTRICAL GRADIENTS ○ The difference in electrical potential (voltage) between two places divided by the distance separating those two places ○ Often used more loosely to refer simply to a difference in electrical potential ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ○ A series of compounds in the mitochondria that passes electrons removed from food molecules to oxygen, capturing released energy for use in producing ATP

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

● ENDOTHERMS ○ Animals in which the body temperature is elevated by metabolically produced heat ● ENDOTHERMY: ○ Warming of the body of an animal by its metabolically produced heat ● ENERGY: ○ The ability to maintain or increase order in a system ● ENZYMES ○ A molecule, usually a protein, that catalyzes a chemical reaction in which covalent bonds are made or broken. ● EPIGENETICS ○ The study of modification of gene expression that are transmitted when genes replicate despite there being no change in the DNA sequence ● EPITHELIUM TYPES ○ Epigenome ■ The sum total of all epigenetic marks in an animal ○ Epithelial endocrine cells ■ Synthesize and secrete hormones also called non neural endocrine cells ○ Glands ■ Structures made of epithelial endocrine cells non neural glands ● EQUILIBRIUM ○ The state toward which an isolated system changes; that is the state toward which a system moves. When everything is at its lowest energy ● EVAPORATION: ○ A change in the physical state of a compound from a liquid to gas; most commonly used to refer to water. It can occur at different temperatures for other molecules ● FATIGUE:

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

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○  FEEDFORWARD ○ The opposite of feedback. ○ Deviations of a controlled property from a set point level are detected and the control system responds by either diminishing the deviation (-) or enhancing them (+) ○ It’s driven by and external input and not to the thing itself FEEDING: ○  GENOMICS: ○ The study of the genomes of organisms GLYCOLYSIS: ○ The reactions that convert glucose to pyruvic acid GUT: ○ Having to do with taste GUT MICROBES: ○ Populations of microbes, consisting of many species of bacteria and other heterotrophic microbes living in the gut lumen of an animal. HINGUT ○ The posterior part of the gut. HEAT: ○ ENERGY THAT MATTER POSSESS BY VIRTUE OF THE CEASELESS, RANDOM MOTIONS THAT ALL OF THE ATOMS AND MOLECULES OF WHICH IT IS COMPOSED UNDERGO ON AN ATOMIC -MOLECULAR SCALE OF DISTANCE ■ Aka ● Kinetic Energy HIBERNATION: ○ In mammals and birds, usually refers to a form of controlled hypothermia in which the body temperature is able to approximate ambient temperature continuously for two or more consecutive days during the winter.

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

● HOMEOSTASIS: ○ Internal constancy and the physiological regulatory systems that automatically make adjustments to maintain it. ● HORMONAL CONTROL: ○  ● HYDROPHILIC: ○ Dissolving readily in water ● HYDROPHOBIC: ○ Not dissolving readily in water ○ Typically lipid-soluble ● HYPERTHERMIA: ○ The state of having a body temperature that is lower than the temperature considered to be normal or usual. ● INTEGRATIVE ○ The coordination of input signals, by summing, to provide a harmonious control output.  ● ION CHANNEL: ○ Pore-forming membrane proteins that allows ions to pass through the channel pore. ● KINETIC ENERGY ○ The energy that it possesses due to its motion. ● KREBS CYCLE ○ Citric Acid Cycle ■ A series of chemical reactions used by all AEROBIC organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbs, fats, proteins into ATP ○ Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggest that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and have originated abiogenically. ● LACTIC ACID ○ Usually found muscle tissue ○ It’s a by-products of anaerobic glycolysis produced in carbon matter usually by bacterial fermentation

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

● LDH ○ Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase ○ Enzyme ○ Lactate to pyruvic acid ○ NAD+ to NADH and back ● LIGAND ENZYMES ○ Substance that forms a complex with a molecule ○ This produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein ● LIPIDS ○ Soluble in nonpolar solvents ○ Typically hydrocarbons used to dissolve other naturally occurring hydrocarbon lipid molecules that do not dissolve in water ■ Fatty acids ■ Waxes ■ Sterols ■ Vitamins ■ Phospholipids ○ Store energy ○ Signality ○ Structural components of cell membranes ● MECHANICAL: ○  ● METABOLIC RATE: ○ The rate of metabolism ○ The amount of energy used by an animal per unit of time ■ Basal metabolic rate BMR ● The amount of energy used daily by animals at rest ● METABOLIC SCALING ○ Theory that attempts to prove a unified theory for the importance of metabolism in driving pattern and process in biology from the level of cells all the way to the biosphere ● METABOLOMICS:

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

○ The scientific study of the set of metabolites present within an organism cell or tissue ● MINERALS: ○ Chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life ■ Calcium ■ Phosphorous ■ Potassium ■ Sodium ■ Magnesium ● NATURAL SELECTION: ○ The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotypes ■ Key mechanism of evolution ■ Varion exists within all populations of organisms ● NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: ○ The dilution.counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone, or where the result of a certain action may inhibit further performance of that action

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

○  ● NOREPINEPHRINE: ○ A chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress. ● NUTRITION: ○ The process of nourishing or being nourished ○ Uses it for growth and replacement of tissues  ● OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION ○ Where? ■ Mitochondria ○ What? ■ Major source of ATP in AEROBIC organisms ○ Process? ■ The process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH to FADH2  to O2 by a series of electron carries.

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

○  ● PASSIVE TRANSPORT ○ Movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input

○  ● PERMEABILITY: ○ Capable of being to pass through ● PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY: ○ Some of the changes in an organism’s behavior, morphology and physiology in response to a unique environment.

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

○  ● PHOSPHOLIPIDS: ○ Types of lipid that is the main component of the cell membrane ○ Two fatty acids ○ One phosphate group ○ Glycerol molecule

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○  ● POLYPHENIC DEVELOPMENT: ○ Where two or more distinct phenotypes are produced by the same genotype

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

■ Special case of phenotypic plasticity ● POSITIVE FEEDBACK: ○ The enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it.

○  ● PROTEINS: ○ A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It can be distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by containing nitrogen. Other components include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and sometimes phosphorus. ● PROTEOMICS: ○ Large-scale study of proteins ○ Proteome is the entire set of proteins that are produced or modified by an organism or system. ● Q10: ○ A measure of the temperature sensitivity of an enzymatic reaction rate or a physiological process due to an increase by 10C ● RADIATION: ○ Emission or propagation of energy in the form of waves or particles.

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

● RESPIROMETRY: ○ Term that encompasses a number of techniques for obtaining estimates of the rates of metabolism of vertebrates, invertebrates, places, tissues, cells, or microorganisms via an indirect measure of heat production calorimetry ● RMR: ○ Resting metabolic rate ○ Whole-body mammal metabolism during a time period of stric and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium ● SATIATION: ○ The process that causes one to stop eating ○ Feeling full. ● SIMPLE DIFFUSION: ○  ● SIMPLE DIFFUSION EQUATION: ○ Process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as an integral membrane protein. The force that drives the substance from one side of a membrane to the other is the force of diffusion. ● SLOW OXIDATIVE VS FAST GLYCOLYTIC: ○ Fast ■ Fibests fatigue rapidly ○ Slow ■ Fibers are highly resistant to fatigue

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

○  ● SMR: ○ Standardize Molality Ratio ○ A quantity, expressed as either a ratio or percentage quantifying the increase or decrease in mortality of a study cohort with respect to the general population. ● SUSPENSION: ○ The state in which the particles of a substance are dispersed but not totally dissolved in a fluid; the substance in this state.

○  ● SYMBIOSES: ○ Interaction or close libing relationship between organisms from different species

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

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○  TEMPERATURE: ○ Mechanism by which mammals maintain body temp THERMOREGULATION: ○ Process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature TIME-ENERGY BUDGET: ○ It is studied in the field of Energetics which deals with the study of energy transfer and transformation from one form to another. Calorie is the basic unit of measurement. An organism in a laboratory experiment is an open thermodynamic system, exchanging energy with its surroundings in three ways - heat, work and the potential energy of biochemical compounds. TOP DOWN: ○  VITAMINS: ○ Organism substances essential to the proper functioning of the cells VO2MAX: ○ Maximum oxygen uptake

BOOK: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOURTH EDITION - HILL - WYSE - ANDERSON CLASS: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL 316) PROFESSOR: JENNY OUYANG TERM: FALL 2018

VOCAB: UNIT ONE 

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