Annotated Bibliography PDF

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Annotated Bibliography – Philology and Race Theory Philology, or linguistics gives rise to race theory, including Orientalism and Nazism. Orientalism, developed by Edward Said, is a set of Western academic discourses that judges the East as inferior. In this sense, orientalism can also be defined as a dominant mode of representations that standardize the East within the framework of Western science. Orientalists like Schlegal and Renan are partly inspired by anti-Semitism, which derives from anti-Judaism embodied in Christian discourse. Nazism focuses on the link between race and philology and culminates with National socialism characterized by the superiority of the Aryan race with a unity of language. Said, E. (1979/1994). Orientalist Structures and Restructures. In E. Said, Orientalism (pp. 131137, 140-142, 143, 145). New York: Vintage Books. Said introduces the main philosophy of Renan who is famous as an Orientalist, but originally a philologist. Said begins with that Renan depicts philology as the science of humanity and the basis of modernity. However, Renan paradoxically biases on Semitics. This paradox is explained by Said that Renan is full of guild sense and has a broader view on philology. Subsequently, Said describes that Renan turns from Christianity to philology, dedicating to lay science and critique on Christianity. Based on previous research that negates the original or divine language, Semitics is invented by Renan as a protolanguage in the laboratory. Therefore, when compared to Indo-European, which is organic and generative, Semitics is inorganic, arrested and incapably generative. The chapter is useful for the topic of Orientalism because Said outlines Renan’s Orientalist thoughts in detail but Said does not involve related studies to support his own study. Bolton, K., & C. Hutton. (2000). Orientalism, linguistics and postcolonial studies. Interventions, International Journal of Postcolonial Studies. 2(1), 1-5. This expertise delves into the significance of linguistics in the context of postcolonial theory in order to link linguistics with Orientalism. Bolton and Hutton demonstrate that in fact, the West interacts with the East mainly via colonial practices and translation activities by missionaries. In terms of the influence of the West on the East, they argue that on one hand, Western scientific thoughts of linguistics and race theory modernize Asian postcolonial societies and base their language policies. On the other hand, postcolonialism shows no consideration for colonial modernity, authenticity, reconstructed identity and assimilation. This article is a valuable preliminary to study linguistics within Orientalism as it provides a detailed critical analysis of postcolonial theory underpinned by myriad studies. Nevertheless, it fails to further explore the specific relationship between Orientalism and linguistics. Hutton, C. (1999). Introduction. In C. Hutton, Linguistics and the Third Reich: Mother-tongue Fascism, Race, and the Science of Language (pp. 2-4, 11-13). London, New York: Routledge. The extract explores the link between linguistics and race theory. Hutton in general claims that linguistics can give rise to race theory. More specifically, he firstly propounds that linguistics takes advantage of an association with ideology incorporating mother-tongue

within Nazism. This is because Mother-tongue defense and anti-universalism rooted in Nazism contribute to human diversity, promoting different languages and world views. Secondly, Hutton argues that language naturally reconstructs race and human history, as a society is tied by mother-tongue, the shared language within this community. However, this argument is not necessarily valid when considering Aryan conquering and Reich expansion. In these cases, the connection between mother-tongue and race is threatened by the assimilation. Hutton provides a broad perspective on how linguistics connects to Nazism and outlines reliable studies to hold up his arguments on how linguistics connects to Nazism. Nevertheless, there is inadequate evidence on the link between mother-tongue and linguistics....