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I.

CULTURES OF NORTH AMERICA A. Native American life: 1. Tribes lived in semi-permanent settlements with populations seldom over 300 (men make tools/hunt, women grow corn, beans, tobacco) 2. Tribes were nomadic (Great Plains: Sioux/Pawnee follow buffalo) 3. Tribes developed more complex cultures & societies (SW Pueblos; Mississippi River Woodland Native Americans) B. The League of the Iroquois was a political confederation that withstood attacks from opposing NA tribes and Europeans (17th and 18th centuries) II. CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN CULTURE A. Larger Native American population than in North America B. 3 complex civilizations: Mayas in the rain forest of the Yucatan Peninsula; Aztecs in Central Mexico (Capital: Tenochtitlan); Incas in Peru. III. EUROPE MOVES TOWARDS EXPLORATION A. Improved technology: gunpowder, sailing compass, improved shipbuilding & map making, printing press made it easier to spread knowledge. B. Religious conflict 1. Catholic victory in Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella defeat Moors of Granada and unite Spain 2. Protestant Reformation: Germany, England, France, Holland and other northern European countries revolt against the pope's authority; leads to Catholic/Protestant conflict & a series of religious wars C. Economic motives: Expanding trade D. Explorers search for easier ways to get to India and Asia for trading 1. Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal) opened a sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope 2. Vasco de Gama (Portugal) is the first European to get to India using this route 3. Christopher Columbus discovers the Americas IV. EARLY EXPLORATIONS A. Columbus sets out to find a new route to Asia, but lands in the Bahamas and thinks he is in the Indies B. Exchanges: Natives introduce the Europeans to beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and syphilis; Europeans bring sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, wheels, iron implements, guns, and diseases such as smallpox. C. Dividing the New World: [1493] The Pope draws vertical line: Spain gets west; Portugal gets east. Treaty of Tordesillas (line move few degrees west) D. Spanish exploration and conquest: Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama; Magellan’s ship circumnavigates the world; Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztecs; Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas. Spaniards ship gold and silver back to Spain. E. English claims: John Cabot (Italian) explored the coast of Newfoundland for Henry VII; Sir Francis Drake attacks/pillages Spanish ships; Sir Walter Raleigh tried but failed to settle Roanoke Island. F. French claims: French-sponsored Italian navigator Giovanni de Verrazano tried to find Northwest Passage through Americas to Asia. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain established Quebec; Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette explore upper Mississippi River in 1673; Robert de La Salle explores/names Louisiana. G. Dutch Claims: Henry Hudson (English) hired to seek the NW passage, sailed up Hudson River and claims the land that becomes New Amsterdam V. EARLY ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS A. The English were now able to settle in America because they had defeated the Spanish Armada. 1. Motivation for England: Land (overpopulation), power, glory, scientific/military missions, natural resources, source of profit (mercantilism), religion (God), gold 2. Settlers came to escape religious prosecution, poverty (new opportunities/land), wealth, glory, families, scientific adventures B. The population was growing, but the economy was depressed, so many poor and landless attracted by the idea of economic opportunities in America. C. Jamestown, 1607: King James I chartered the joint-stock Virginia Company, which established the first permanent English colony. 1. Problems: Indian attacks (built forts), famine (cannibalism), disease (swamp – contaminated water), no fertile soil, gentlemen colonists didn’t work 2. Tobacco Prosperity: John Rolfe & Pocahontas develop a new variety of tobacco which became very popular in Europe. 3. The colony went bankrupt despite the tobacco, and the VA Company's charter was revoked. Jamestown became a royal colony. D. Puritan Colonies: Plymouth (Separatists, Pilgrims, led by Captain Miles Standish, Governor William Bradford); Massachusetts Bay Colony (not separatists, led by John Winthrop, founded Boston); Great Migration: civil war in the 1630s drove about 15000 more settlers to MBC. 1. New England Colonies a. Pilgrims (separatists who wanted to separate from Anglican Church, fled England to escape persecution – Plymouth Rock, 1629) vs. Puritans (purify the Church of England/Anglican Church – Massachusetts Bay Colony) 2. Massachusetts Bay Colony a. Left England to create a perfect Puritan society b. Leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony: John Winthrop VI. EARLY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS A. Majority rule in Plymouth B. Representative Government at Jamestown and Massachusetts Bay Colony C. Limited nature of colony democracy: only male property owners can vote VII. SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN NORTH AMERICA A. Florida: St. Augustine, 1565, now the oldest city in North America B. New Mexico, Santa Fe: efforts to convert Native Americans caused Pueblos to Revolt in 1680; the Spanish were driven from area until the 1700s C. Texas: the Spanish formed a few small settlements after being driven from New Mexico D. California: San Diego, 1769; San Francisco, 1776; by 1784, a series of Franciscan mission settlements were established (Father Junipero Serra) VIII. EUROPEAN TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS A. Native Americans were viewed as inferiors. Their population and culture were destroyed through disease and warfare B. Spanish Policy: Millions of Native Americans were killed by warfare, efforts at enslavement, and European diseases. The Spanish intermarried with the Natives and Africans, which led to a caste system dominated by the pure-blooded Spaniard. C. English Policy: Initially, in Massachusetts, the English and Native Americans coexisted, traded, and shared ideas. The NA taught the settlers to grow new crops (corn, etc.), showed them how to hunt in the forests, and traded furs for English manufactured goods. The English did not respect the "savages" and the NA tribes became threatened by the settlers continually taking up land, so war broke out. D. French Policy: The French maintained good relations with the NA tribes in the St. Lawrence Valley and Great Lake region. They assisted the Huron in fighting the Iroquois. The French had few colonists, farms or towns, so they posed little threat to the NA population. Motivations of European Explorations:

1. A shorter, westward route (to Asia) to promote commerce and trade 2. Desire for land to stop potential overpopulation 3. Wealth and gold to appease monarchy in Europe 4. Taking advantage of peripheral nations to increase profits and produce goods 5. Slave labor 6. Glory and victories; pleasing European nations 7. God and conversion (Convert Native Americans to Christianity) 8. Crusades – bypass intermediaries to get to Asia 9. Renaissance – curiosity about other land and people 10. Technological advances ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Colonies A. Corporate Colonies: (Jamestown) Operated by joint-stock companies, at least during these colonies' early years. B. Royal Colonies: (Virginia) Under the direct authority and rule of the king's government (After 1624) C: Proprietary Colonies: (Maryland and Pennsylvania) Under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king. 1. English colonists brought a tradition of independence and representative government. II. The Chesapeake Colonies A. Maryland: 1. Proprietary colonies a. Cecil Calvert provided a haven for Catholics. b. Second lord Baltimore 2. Act of Toleration a. First colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. (Calvert) b. Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Christ. 3. Protestant Revolt a. Resentment against a catholic proprietor. b. Repealed act of toleration. B. Virginia 1. Economic Problems a. Low tobacco prices brought hard times. 2. Political problems and Bacon’s Rebellion: a. Sir William Berkeley (governor) adopted policies that favored large planters. b. Nathanial Bacon organized an army of volunteers to attack Indian villages against Berkeley’s political control. c. Burned down Jamestown. d. Bacon eventually died of dysentery and the army collapsed 3. Lasting problems a. Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers. b. Colonial resistance to royal control. C. Labor Shortages 1. Chesapeake colonies grew slowly 2. Unhealthy climates and high death rate due to disease and Indian attack. 3. Imbalance between men and women. 4. Indentured Servants a. Work for a specific period in return for room and board b. Under absolute rule of their masters until the end of their work period. c. When they gained their freedom, they either worked for wages or obtained land of their own to farm. 5. Headright System a. To attract immigrants Virginia offered 50 acres of land to i. Each immigrant who paid for his own passage and ii. Any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant’s passage. 6. Slavery a. First slaves arrived from Africa in 1619 aboard a ship of a Dutch trader b. At first, slaves had about the same life as indentured servants, but colonists became too poor to purchase labor so just sold slaves into permanent bondage. III. Development of New England A. Rhode Island: 1. Roger Williams in Boston in 1631 2. Believed that the individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. 3. Teachings placed him in conflict with other Puritan leaders who ordered his banishment 4. Founded the settlement of Providence. 5. Recognized rights of native Americans and religious freedom B. Connecticut 1. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) 2. Established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by a legislature. C. New Hampshire 1. Last colony to be founded in New England 2. King Charles II separated New Hampshire from the Bay Colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony to increase royal control. IV. Restoration Colonies A. The Carolinas 1. South Carolina: based on trading furs and providing wood for the West Indies. 2. North Carolina: few good harbors and poor transportation. B. Pennsylvania and Delaware:

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1. Quakers: believed in equality of all men and women, resistance to military service. 2. William Penn: young convert to Quaker. Pennsylvania named after. 3. “The Holy Experiment” provides a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people. Georgia 1. Britain created a buffer to protect South Carolina from invasion from Spanish Florida. 2. James Oglethorpe founded Georgia’s first settlement, ban of drinking rum and prohibition of slavery.

V. Mercantilism and the Empire A. Acts of Trade and Navigation 1. Trade from the colonies only carried by English ships 2. All goods imported to the colonies pass through English ports 3. Specified goods from the colonies only imported to England. B. Impact of the Colonies 1. Positive: English shipbuilding prospered, Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England, English military protected colonies from attacks. 2. Negative: manufacturing was severely limited, Chesapeake farmers received low prices, colonists paid high prices for manufactured goods New England: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire 1. Fishing (cod industry), manufacturing, lumber, trade, small farms (cool climate); no slavery (no agriculture); involved in Triangular Trade 2. Town meetings/town halls – direct democracy 3. Strong religious fervor (Puritans – City of a Hill) ; focused on education (religion) 4. Only religious male figures have power (vote) 5. Long Life expectancies (average: 70 years) 6. Close knit families/towns; focus on families – patriarchal; many extended families (average: 6 children) 7. Average age at marriage: Women – 22 years; Men – 27 years; mostly single men 8. Revels: Roger Williams/Anne Hutchinson – exiled to Rhode Island 9. Life was predetermined; rigid discipline system 10. Mayflower Compact: earliest example of self-government in America Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware 1. Mid-sized farms, lumber, manufacturing; have both agriculture and businesses 2. Ethnically diverse (religiously diverse: Quakers, Catholics, Lutherans, Jews) 3. Religious tolerance (especially Quakers – pacifists) 4. Large cities, cosmopolitan culture; economic diversity 5. Some slavery (6% - 12%) because some agriculture - Founder of Pennsylvania – William Penn (Quaker) 6. “Bread Colonies”, “Restoration Colonies” - Governor of New Amsterdam – Peter Stuyvesant 7. Coeducation; Church wasn’t mandatory (Blue laws – Sunday: no playing) - New Netherlands – Fur trade and ports South: Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia 1. Maryland/Virginia: Chesapeake 2. Widowarchy: if men died, women can inherit land/property; women not involved in government 3. Agriculture: (Maryland/Virginia) tobacco (ruined soil so turned to cotton), yellow gold (saved Jamestown), indigo, rice, cotton 4. Wealthy family estates (Plantations – first families of Virginia) Only wealthy land owners had power 5. Large, spread out county governments; indirect/representative democracy (House of Burgesses) 6. Short life expectancies: 40 years 7. Indentured servitude; later, slavery becomes fabric of southern life 8. Landowning class (gentry): Bacon’s Rebellion (Virginia: frustrated landless freemen want land) 9. Has structured social caste system (religiously diverse: Baptists, Anglicans) 10. Rural and had a lot of forests; south has more fertile land 11. Education: dancing valued 12. Church not highly regarded (more gossips since social connection was limited – work and large land) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Empires at War A. The First Three Wars 1. King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) were both English expeditions to capture Quebec--both failed. 2. King George's War (1744-1748) was a double attack by both France and Spain against England in their colonies. a. In Georgia, James Oglethorpe held back the Spanish. b. In New England, the New Englanders held back the French. 3. The French and Indian War/Seven Years War (1754 – 1763) a. Began with fighting in the colonies then fighting spread to Europe; nine year conflict (England vs. France and Indians) b. The main reason for the war was the French Forts along the Ohio River Valley to expand fur trade with Indians i. According to the British this meant that the French were enclosing in on British colonies. ii. According to the French they did it to halt British expansion so that they wouldn’t expand into French territory. c. At first the war went badly for the British with losses from George Washington’s small Virginia militia and the halting of British invasion into French Canada (1756-1757). British William Pitt became new leader – British not losing anymore i. George Washington used guerilla warfare (used land and environment – must know land very well) ii. British fighting style: trained fiercely, strictly; gentlemen fighting/gentlemen’s warfare: fought in rows d. In 1754, in Albany, New York, representatives from seven colonies adopted the Albany Plan of Union, which was used to achieve colonial unity and common defense from French threat. (Ben Franklin called New England, NY, MD, and PA to participate) e. France eventually lost, and Great Britain gained complete control of the continent; Great Britain tightened control over colonies i. Treaty of Paris – eliminated France as a colonial power in North America ii. Canada and French land east of Mississippi given to British C. Reorganization of the British Empire

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After the French and Indian War, Great Britain was in desperate need of money to pay off the debts Pontiac’s Rebellion was a Native American “rebellion” where they rebelled against the colonists taking their lands. Instead of letting the colonists deal with it, the British infected them with diseases from Fort Pitt (1763) 3. After the French and Indian War, the colonists wanted to settle in the lands left of the Appalachians, but were not allowed by the British (Proclamation of 1763). II. British Actions and Colonial Reactions A. New Revenues and Regulations 1. Sugar Act (1764) Taxed sugar and certain luxuries to raise money for the crown. 2. Quartering Act (1765) Required colonists to provide food and quarters for British soldiers. 3. Stamp Act (1765) Taxed all papers including legal documents, newspapers, etc. It was a direct tax on the colonies. a. The Stamp Act received a lot of protest. Boycotts were the most effective form of protest, but all sorts of protest were present including some violent. In 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed. 4. Declaratory Act (1766). As the British repealed the Stamp Act, the set in the Declaratory Act which said that they had the right to tax the colonies, whenever they felt like it. B. Second Phase of the Crisis, 1767-1773 1. Townshend Acts (1767). Britain taxed the colonists on tea, glass, and paper, and further pushed the Quarter Act. 2. At first there was not much protest to the Townshend Acts, but as time went on more and more protest amounted. It got to a point where the trade declined so much due to protest, that the Townshend Acts were forced to be repealed. 3. In 1770, as some protesters protested British soldiers in cities, the soldiers fired back into the crowd, killing five people. This became known was Boston Massacre. C. Renewal of the Conflict 1. From 1770-1772, there was relative peace, although many aspiring patriots still lingered. 2. In 1772, after a British ship caught smugglers (Gaspee), colonists burned down the ship. 3. Tea Act (1773). The Tea Act actually made the tea a lot cheaper, but the colonist refused to buy British Tea because if they did they would accept British permission to tax the colonists. 4. In December 1773, colonists raided a British Tea Ship and dumped out all the tea (Boston Tea Party). D. Intolerable Acts 1. In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British passed the Intolerable Acts i. The Coercive Acts (1774). These Acts were specifically made to punish the Bostonians. They even tried to shut Boston’s economy down. ii. Quebec Act (1774). This act gave all the Canadian lands that formerly belonged to the French and now were up for grabs, to the Canadians and not the colonists. iii. The Americans saw this as a direct attack on their rights and abilities to claim land. III. Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution A. The Enlightenment was a movement created by certain Europeans that spread towards some educated Americans. 1. It was based on human reasoning to solving most of humanity’s problems. 2. One of the greatest philosophers in the Enlightenment was John Locke, who talked about natural rights of humans and a social contract between the government and its people. People had the right to revolt if the government stopped the natural rights of humans. 3. Locke along with other Enlightenment philosophers, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, helped persuade the Independence movement that was soon to come. -

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Loyalists (Tories): people who were still loyal to Great Britain; more people were loyalists Sons of Liberty: want to convert people from loyalists to patriots (formed in Massachusetts); Paul Revere was part of the group o “No Taxation Without Representation” – Americans believe in virtual representation (Britain should represent all British regardless of where they are) Increased cooperation between colonies o Stamp Act Congress (1765) o Committees of Correspondence (Samuel Adams) Unity = mass action o Boycott British goods (Daughters of Liberty) o Protests; defiance to Stamp Act

Final Steps to Independence: Thomas Paine tries to appeal to loyalists Common Sense: Thomas Paine 1. Purpose: Independence from England, creation of a democratic republic 2. Britain involved America with unnecessary wars, prevent colonists from foreign trades 3. Colonists were oppress and pe...