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Sofia Ferreira Mr. Frink APUSH December 8th, 2016 Personal Liberty Laws-Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves Free Soil Party-The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party. Know-Nothing Party-aka the American Party; major political force from 1854-1855; objective: to extend period of naturalization, undercut immigrant voting strengths, and keep aliens in their place Republican Party-political party evolved from anti-Nebraska coalition of 1854; support from ex-Whigs, dissident Democrats, Free-soilers, and anti-Democratic coalitions; led by experienced politicians under an effective party apparatus; well-established throughout the North Wilmot Proviso-bill proposed by David Wilmot that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico Uncle Tom’s Cabin-by Harriet Beecher Stowe; climax of literary abolitionism; book linked slavery and violence in northern minds Popular Sovereignty-people hold the final authority in all matters of government Compromise of 1850-This compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with disputed territory, and the controversy of whether California should join. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The compromise benefited the North more than the South. Fugitive Slave Act-a law passed just before the Civil War also called the "Bloodhound Bill", slaves who escaped could not testify in their behalf and were not allowed a trial by jury. If the judge in the case freed the slave they would receive five dollars, if not they would get ten dollars. Those found helping slaves would be fined or jailed. This added to the rage in the North. The Caning of Sumner-May 22, 1856: Preston Brooks came into the Senate with his cane and started beating Charles Sumner until he was unconscious. This was the first type of violence shown about sectionalism Dred Scott vs. Sandford-In a controversial case, the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a slave and that African Americans (whether slave or free) had no rights as citizens. Further, the Court declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, denying that Congress had any power to prohibit slavery in the territories. Rather than resolve disputes over the slavery question, the decision intensified sectional discord. With five of the six judges voting in the majority decision pro-slavery Southerners, Northerners and Republicans saw the verdict as the latest act of the slave-power conspiracy. Panic of 1857-Caused by the inflation of California gold, overproduction of grain, and the over-speculation of railroads (failures of banks and businesses) Stephen Douglas-Stephen Douglas took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. Clay could not get the compromised passed because neither party wanted to pass it as a whole since they would be passing things for the opposite party as well as their own. Douglas split the compromise up to get it passed.

Kansas-Nebraska Act-The Kansas-Nebraska Act, set forth in 1854, said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty. Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced it, and it pushed the country even closer the Civil War. John Brown-An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory-Led the Pottawatomie Creek Massacre. Pottawatomie Creek Massacre-When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas. Bleeding Kansas-bitter contest for control of territorial govt. in Kansas; border war erupted between proslavery and antislavery forces Crittenden Compromise-A proposal to ease Southern nerves. It would have extended the Missouri Compromise to Pacific-California, give federal composition for escaped slaves, and make amendment that government would not abolish slavery. South Carolina Secession- On December 20, 1860 South Carolina secede from the Union thinking the "sectional party" picked a president who was harmful to slavery. February 1, 1861 there were seven states that had seceded the Union; S Carolina, AL, Mississippi, FL, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The upper south-Virginia, N Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas- did not believe Lincoln's presidency was reason for seceding. Upper South still had strong Union views. February 4, Delegates met in Montgomery Alabama to establish Confederate States of America. They abolished Atlantic slave trade, 3/5 Rule, and free states from entering Confederacy. Election of 1860-Unable to agree on a platform or candidate in 1860, the Democrats split: a northern wing nominated Stephen Douglas and endorsed popular sovereignty while a southern wing nominated John C. Breckinridge and demanded federal protection of slavery in the territories. Border state conservatives formed the Constitutional Union party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln on a Free-Soil position and a broad economic platform. Although he won only 40 percent of the popular vote, Lincoln swept the North for a majority of the electoral votes and election as president. Political leaders of the lower South immediately launched a movement for secession. Fort Sumter-Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.

Sofia Ferreira Mr. Frink APUSH December 8th, 2016 The Point of No Return: Civil War

The election of 1860 was the final straw of the impending Civil War. If Lincoln hadn’t won the election, the South most likely wouldn’t have decided to leave the Union. The South began to feel that their involvement in the Union was pointless. They felt that Lincoln was a threat to slavery which led to the South’s decision to leave the Union. With the South out of the Union, the North and South were officially separated. The South was firm in their decision to leave the Union and this literally placed them against the North. After this, the Civil war began-the Union against the Confederate states. The  nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states' rights and slavery in the territories. In the election of 1860, the fact that Lincoln had received no votes from the South had showed that the nation was completely divided. The South felt that Lincoln's victory meant that slavery would be coming to an end in the U.S. even though Lincoln made promises that he would not end slavery in the states where it existed. Since the Southern economy was built on agriculture, the white plantation owners were extremely threatened by the idea that slavery could come to an end because after all, without slaves, their plantations would come to an end. The South were threatened by this and was one of the main reasons that the South decided to leave the Union. Such division within the Union was building up for years and

this was the final straw because the secession of the South from the Union ultimately pinned the North and South against each other. One can also state that the Dred Scott vs Sandford case was the point of no return and ultimate cause of the civil war. The Dred Scott case basically stated "Once a slave, always a slave." Dred Scott had been taken into a free territory by his owners and sued for his freedom stating that he was now in an area where slavery was illegal and, by law, he would no longer be a slave. However, the Supreme Court decided that even though he was in a free territory, he was still the property of his owners and was forced to return. This was the first instance in which the Supreme Court invalidated a major piece of federal legislation and this ended up striking a severe blow to the legitimacy of the Republican party. Although this did strengthen the rising sectionalism between the North and South, this was not as strong of a cause of the civil war as the election of 1860. This event did further separate the North and South, however, the election of 1860 completely separated the Union by causing the south to leave....