Art Appreciation PDF

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ASSIGNMENT #2 – ART APPRECIATION SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS OF SPANIARDS TO THE PHILIPPINE ARTS In 1521, when the Spaniards have arrived here, Philippines already have ethnic art forms such as pottery, weaving and metalwork. Although these art forms remain during the Spanish Era, Spanish friars and the Chinese, the colony’s primary trading partner, were slowly introducing newer art forms such as sculpturing, painting and engraving. Artisans were commissioned and paid to carve, engrave, and paint. They replaced the arts that were once done in a communal spirit and community setting for rituals. The church, particularly the friars, became the new patron of the arts. They used art as a tool to propagate the Catholic faith through beautiful images. They used images to explain the concepts behind Catholicism, and to tell the stories of Christ’s life and passion. Most art produced during the first two centuries of Spanish occupation were for the church so the friars enforced strict supervision over their production. Until the 19th century, art was only for the church and religious use. The following are some of the most commonly known artisans and their artworks during the Spanish regime: 

PAINTING

Felix Hidalgo - he won the silver medal for Virgenes christianas expuestas al populacho or Christian Virgins Exposed to the Public. Juan Luna - His most famous work, "Spolarium" which showed an allusion to Imperial Spain's oppression of the Natives.

Jose Honorato Lozano - Lozano developed a style called "Letras Y Figuras", combining tipos del pais and genre painting by forming letters of the patron's names with citizens doing their daily rituals. Simon Flores - Simon Flores was one of the artists during such period that captured the intricate detail of jewelery, fashion accessories, embroidered clothing and ornately designed furniture of Filipino citizens with wealth and high social statuses.

Josef Luciano Dans - One of the earliest recorded Filipino artists is Josef Luciano Dans. He's famous for painting a mural called "Langit, Lupa at Impierno". He also made a painting called "Purgatoryo", which shows the eight forms of punishment a soul must pass through to be cleansed and reach Heaven.

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SCULPTURE

Of all the new art forms introduced, the natives took to sculpture instantly. The carving of anito was transformed into sculpture of the saints. These santos were used primarily for the church altars and retablos. It also replaced the anitos in the altars of the natives’ homes. Carvings for churches include altarpieces called retablos (usually with niches for the icons), the central point of any Catholic church. The retablo houses the tabernacle and the image of the town’s patron saint. Usually referred to as a “cabinet of saints”, one would see a hierarchy of saints depending on their importance to the townspeople. The patron saint would be in the middle; less important saints would be in the periphery. One of some is:

Mariano Madriñan - who won a gold medal in the 1883 Amsterdam Exposition for his Mater Dolorosa (Sorrowful Mother).

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MUSIC AND DANCE

Moro – Moro - These plays were a source of merriment of the people, bringing joy and laughter to their audiences. Some of the entertainments were used as a way to streZarzuela - Considered to be the father of the drama, it is a he highSpanish lyric-dramatic genre usually done in the three acts, of thewhere songs, music and dances are combined with prosehe lovedialogue. Introduced in the Philippines in the late 19thhe playcentury, the zarzuela became popular with the Filipinos andhe continued to flourish until the dawn of the silent film and benvaudeville in the country.

The propagation of catholic faith could not have been successful without religious paintings, engravings, and sculpture, as well as devotional hymns and verses, the earliest example of literary and musical pieces to which the

natives were exposed. Thus, by the middle of 17th century, many natives begun to produce poems, paintings, and musical compositions which echoed Western artistic styles. These are only some of the great influences of Spaniards in the Philippine Arts.

SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS OF AMERICANS TO THE PHILIPPINE ARTS After more than three centuries of Spanish rule, the Americans came. They set out to conquer the Filipinos through education and governance – the public school system and a system of government. With the establishment of public schools, there was an increase in demand for illustrations and cartoons for books and publications. The new patrons, including the tourists and foreign investors, favored landscapes, still life, and genre themes that show the beauty of the land and its people. Portraits were still favored by the public officials, usually depicting them in dignified poses. The sixties and the seventies became a period of experimentation and exploration of new media, techniques, styles, forms of expression, and concepts in art. It also marked the increased consciousness of visual artists to bring their art closer to the people through forms like murals, prints, and cartoons.

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PAINTING

Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto - He depicted farmers and fisherfolks R.doing their- work without paintings much effort, Hernando Ocampo His abstract are seemingly enjoying themselves in their arduous tasks. characterized by the use of geometric and biomorphic His depiction of the dalagang bukid is shapes using brilliant colorsever-smiling of red, yellow, green, and another trademark. Amorsolo was able to show the ideal orange. Even the titles of his works became nonbeauty of using the Philippine landscape, the Philippine descriptive, only numbers and letters to indicaterural the life and the Filipinas. year it was made. His most famous work, Genesis, depicts colored planes forming various figures.

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SCULPTURES

Victorio C. Edades - Edades’ work, The Builders, caused quite a controversy in 1928. of the smiling Vicente Manansala - is considered as Instead the major proponent of Cubism in the country. Some of his famous works include Jeepneys and Madonna of the Slums. nd grime. With obvious disregard for linear perspective, the painting will be known as the first ever Modernist painting in the country. Contrary to Amorsolo’s ever-smiling dalagang Pilipina, Edades showed the hardship of life for the working class. Guillermo Tolentino - trained in the classical style in Rome, Tolentino’s masterpieces include the Oblation in the University of the Philippines and the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan. His Oblation, the symbol of the country’s premiere State University,

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Napoleon Abueva - Abueva integrated the sculptural and functional qualities in his works. He produced highly stylized, simplified, and eventually abstract works under the influence of Manuel Rodriguez Sr. - He specialized in etching but could teach allcontain the different techniques of Moore and Brancusi. His works sometimes elements of printmaking. For hiseroticism, enormous influence in the reemergence of printmaking in the country, he fun, wit, and playfulness. His Kaganapan shows a is known as the Father of Philippine Printmaking. Some of his works woman in the height of her pregnancy. He notable did away withinclude the The Traveller and Nipa-Hut Madonna. traditional, idealized, voluptuous muse of classicism and replaced it with the beauty of a woman bearing a child.

PRINTMAKING

Rodolfo Paras-Perez’s – He specialized in colored woodcut. One of his notable works is The Kiss which shows two figures locked in a torrid embrace. His influence on other young and aspiring printmakers was more indirect than Rodriguez, not through workshops but through several exhibitions he had during the sixties.

During the first half of the century, Filipino artists did not seem to be interested in the art of printmaking. It was only in the early 1960’s that interest in printmaking seemed to develop in the country. These printmakers ensured that printmaking as an art form will not be relegated to the sidelines of the Philippine visual arts scene. References: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visualarts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visualarts/the-american-and-contemporary-traditions-in-philippine-visual-arts/...