Britanski Roman Skripta 1 PDF

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Skripta za prvi kolokvij...

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The novel is the only modern historical genre, it's a historical genre (historical features), appears at a certain point of time.  length – uncertain criterion since there's no real line between a short story and a novel, no obligatory number of words  fiction – everything is invented, but there are parts that are real, such as locations, characters – Fielding and Defoe wrote about Jonathan Wilde, a highwayman who was hanged for his crimes, stories based on his life, they always claimed historicity, new journalism – fictionalized stories about famous criminals (novelized accounts of their lives)  narrative – there's a story, characters and a narrative, but later on these were tested: Woolf claimed that novels shouldn't be about anything, i.e. about nothing and everything, describe the life of an ordinary character on an ordinary day; Henry James "it shouldn't tell, but show", modernists presented their experience from the point of view of the character, there was no narrator  prose – there are novels in verse (Aurora Lee, Eugene Onegin) Novel and medieval romances – Thomas Malory, Morte Darthur (15th century) – cliched, flat, onedimensional characters, but these exist in novels, as well; supernatural beings, event – there are fantasy novels today, Gothic novels such as Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole (first Gothic novel) Don Quixote – the first novel Picaresque tradition – a rich tradition of narrative texts, picaro = rogue, scoundrel, itinerant character, road narrative – the adventures of a character on the road, the hero is a geographically and socially mobile individual who gains and loses money and status, always ends up right where he started, realistic narrative – portrayed the geographical and social environment in detail, satirical narrative – they made fun of all social classes, episodic narrative – not progressive, circular, they stay the same, even though their status changes throughout the narrative Lazarillo de Tormes – first picaresque narrative The emergence of formal realism – Defoe, Richardson and Fielding (the three founding fathers of the English novel); experimentation with the 1st and 3rd person narrative (Defoe 1st, Richardson 1st, Fielding 3rd) Samuel Richardson – first person narrative, epistolary novels, the narrator changes Pamela – young servant Pamela, aged 15, is the employee of Mr. B., a libertine/rake (nobles who are looking for amorous conquests, ethos of privilege – they won't be sanctioned for their actions) who is trying to seduce her, but she stays strong and resists temptation, even though he locks her up; he repents and they get married Richardson was trying to disprove the claim that reformed rakes make the best husbands, but he didn't accomplish that with Pamela, since Mr B got to marry her in the end, he wanted to show aristocracy in a bad way, but Pamela becomes one of them through marriage, he gets away with attempted rape! Pamela 2 - Pamela writes to a number of female friends, telling them not to attempt what she did, because they won't be as lucky as her, Mr B is a great husband, but these friends of hers should steer clear of libertines Clarissa – Clarrisa Harlowe is a girl from a higher class, the love interest of Mr Lovelace (love lace = dandy, loveless), who kidnaps and rapes her, in the end she dies Richardson used novel to form a new social morality, as opposed to the aristocratic one; a new domestic ideology; set in the domestic space Henry Fielding – aristocratic inclinations, wrote plays, but there were some theater bans and he couldn't write plays anymore, so he wrote parodies Shamela – he makes fun of Pamela, she's socially opportunistic, makes fun of her, the setting and the realistic motivation of the narrative (Shamela writes as it happens, not after) Joseph Andrews – both a parody and not a parody, adventures of Pamela's brother, picaresque tradition Tom Jones – makes fun of English society, picaresque because it makes fun of all classes, typical

characters, his name for this type of novel was "comic epic in prose" Lawrence Sterne Tristam Shandy – first person narrative, autobiographical text, he never gets beyond the first couple of months of his life because of constant digressions, he experiments with the conventions of the first person narrative = a meta-discursive text (a narrative about how a narrative is told) Ian Watt – discusses the meaning of the term realism; in the literary sense, the term appeared in the 19th century in painting, then it began to be used in literary criticism in France Scholastic realism - ideas are true realities, while the world is its imitation, and art is an imitation of an imitation Philosophical realism (modernism) – the human individual becomes the measure of things; rationalism (Descartes - reason) and imperialism (Locke – experience) – what they share is individualism, individual is at the center of things, there's no other measure of knowledge Freud – split subject: conscious + unconscious (Blade Runner – are replicants people since they can think for themselves?) Berkeley – if something happened, but it wasn't captured by our senses, did it really happen? Watt – modernity is the individual pursuit of truth – particular individual means and originality Formal realism – novel is a full and authentic report of human experience, meaning that it has the following features  individuality of characters – they aren't types, but individuals; rounded characters; names are no longer typical, plain or normal; stories are no longer typical, they break away from conventionality, there are no simple/predictable plots, i.e. there's no typical story of the novel, it shows different experiences  particularized time and place – concrete, specific and particular time, as well as place, which is a real location, everything is described in great detail, space becomes real; before that, it was all mythological, it was hard to imagine spaces based on their description, time was not concrete, dates weren't important, places were mythological  referentiality of language – it refers to actual places and times; novel is more concrete, more engaged with reality than poetry (self-referential); BAHTIN – chronotope (time-space) – space becomes representation of time, this is a central characteristic of the text! (it used to be sporadic) Is a Gothic, fantasy novel really a novel, based on these premises? 1) It does have all the characteristics of the novel (individuality of character, time, place and referentiality), but it doesn't have a circumstantial view of life (things are taken as valid, as empirically verifiable) – do ghosts (Walpole) fit into this view of life? No! 2) For the readers, the fact than ghosts aren't empirically verifiable doesn't mean much, public opinion forms popular usage (it's more important what the public thinks, than what the publishers do) Daniel Defoe – Robinson Crusoe Preface: the convention of found text: the story is true and Defoe is just an editor; it's a history of fact, there's no fiction in it = claim to historicity; it's a story of a private man (regular, ordinary), but it's an extraordinary story, an exceptional story – there's something to be learned from it (a religious and secular narrative) – it's valuable because it is interesting and morally instructive Chapter One: particularity of time and place (1632, York), of German origin – Kreutznaer (cross, money), Bremen to Hull – shift in trade because of the new Atlantic trade; he's the youngest of three brothers, and according to the English law of primogeniture, he should be the last in line, but his brothers died and are missing, so he's the first in line; primogeniture is only legally practiced by aristocracy (the younger sons are ministers or in the army/navy) Next chapter: shipwrecks, slavery, Brazil – goes to Africa for slaves because of greed = excessive ambition, he wanted more than he could get, however, on the island he has to start all over again and do so for 27 years – secularized version of the Protestant ethic

Next chapter: a little by little, he transforms the island; he's desperate in the beginning; he's writing the diary for himself!  Pilgrim's Progress – religious allegory, Christian travels from an earthly to a celestial city, with numerous obstacles on the way (Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair) – Crusoe names his island "Island of Despair" Next chapter: double-entry book keeping – finds positive sides, here the language of accountancy is used for a moral metaphor, for religious content; he has to transform the island (farming, habitat, summer house, uses tools to make tools, studies the climate, agricultural farmer) = ethic of work  agriculture in England – tenant farmers who lease the land from the owners, employ laborers, sell their produce and then pay rent, they were interested in increasing productivity, technology of production (capitalist system), just like Crusoe wanted to improve his farming, his efficiency and productivity Financial revolution – capitalism was transplanted through industrialization, but there were some forms of capitalism before industrialization in England  agricultural capitalism – the tenant farmers leased land from the land owners and had laborers who worked for them, they paid rent to the owners and kept the rest, it was important for them to increase productivity  mercantile capitalism – there was local trade, but long distance trade is important; Crusoe's father was a part of the Atlantic trade (Europe, Africa, Americas); establishment of large merchant companies (India company) that controlled trade  finance capitalism – 1690s the King was William of Orange after the Glorious Revolution caused by the doubt in James II Stuart and his usurpation of the Parliament's power; William needed to finance wars in Europe through taxes, i.e. public finance; Parliament introduced the notion of national debt (borrow and pay back) and set up the Bank of England to manage the borrowing to the Crown, it had a privileged relationship with the Crown - - - political society and finance capital are tied together by the debt, political success was bound by financial, economic success; banks started to spring up, they offered start-up capital (venture/risk capital), used for savings, stock exchange strengthens (stock-jobbing mania) – promise of easy money Darien expedition – present day Panama, Scottish expedition, every third family financed this project, they sent ships that weren't that well equipped, they set up camp there, but the Spanish drew them out, all the money that was invested was gone, this probably caused the bankruptcy, after which Great Britain was formed by the Union in 1707. A completely new economy was coming into being through capitalism – they used coin money and bills of exchange, credit; a credit economy = based on institutions of credit because of global trade (transfer of money without the physical transfer of money) (Crusoe salvages money, works on the basis of credit) The religious aspect – religious ethic of Protestantism becoming the secular ethic of entrepreneurship; Webber – religious ethic of Protestantism is the ethic of salvation, predestination (election) – people don't know whose soul is saved, they lead a pious life, examine their conscience, work hard and don't spend, accumulate their wealth, don't show off, invest and reinvest; all of this encouraged the capitalist ethic Calvinist doctrine – God chooses in advance, people don't know whether they were chosen or not, they can examine themselves for the signs of divine will : behavior, mind, the Scripture, but not the Church since it cannot mediate salvation or give the absolution of your sins  introspection – continuous self-examination of one's conscience  immediate relationship with Bible – your own version of piety Robinson was a superficial believer at first, he wasn't a practicing Protestant; but after he ended up on the island, this changes = him being on the island was work of divine Providence; he develops a personal relationship with the Bible and he's continually engaged in introspection ("a council in his thoughts"), forms of introspection: double entry book keeping, the journal, narrative itself Robinson and Friday – Crusoe teaches him about God (allusion to actual historical processes,

critique of the Spanish), but he doesn't force religion on him, more humane colonialism; he believes that the story can speak for itself, it doesn't have to be forced on someone = acceptance and persuasiveness of the story; Friday's religion – Benamaki – priest craft = propaganda against the Protestant Church, the clergy manipulates and frightens people into submission; he tries to reason with Friday – deeper explanations of sin and Devil, original sin is the God's enemy in the heart of men, we are born depraved; God's stronger than the Devil, but we have free will, Devil will be punished on Judgment day; if we can repent, why can't the Devil? Logic and reason can take us to the knowledge of God, but the truths have to be taken on Faith. In Protestantism, the clergy are not above the congregation, i.e. not only the clergy can spread the religion. Thomas More – Utopia – sailors wanted to introduce religion, but there were no priests among them, so they did it themselves, this was condemned by the Church. Crusoe teaches Friday what he knows about the faith. Secularization of certain ideas/values, not a single version of Christian faith, but the principle of religious toleration. McKeon Ideological goal was to create conditions for internalizing certain psychological values for Crusoe to become a private citizen – an entrepreneur of the Modern Age; he had laboratory conditions! Precursor genres were spiritual biography, criminal biography and picaresque tradition (quicksodic narratives). Spiritual biography was secularized to advertise a new mode of capitalism! Politics – written in 1719, takes place from 1659 – 1687 = the Restoration after Cromwell (the only time they were a republic), this was the final defeat of the idea of absolute monarchy, inauguration of constitutional monarchy (Parliament becomes more important than the King) Robinson leaves behind the island with the rule of religious tolerance (while England was not fully tolerant, Catholics did not have the same rights, they were discriminated against) Chronotope – texts engage the actual historical world by literary chronotopes by which space becomes a historical time, anything can be a chronotope (the road) Jane Austen – Mansfield Park Three sisters: Miss Maria Ward (Bertram), Miss Ward (Norris), Miss Frances (Price). Maria marries above her social status (the whole town was happy about the marriage), Sir Thomas is a baronet (no peerage, cannot sit in the House of Lords), it's the lowest form of aristocracy; Maria's uncle is a lawyer, middle class, he provided her with dowry, an unsufficient one (7000 pounds instead of 10000) – exchange of symbolic capital for economic capital of the Wards, an exchange worth 10 000 pounds Miss Ward married Mr Norris – they have a 1000 a year, collected in church taxes Frances – married into shabby genteel, a low official in the Navy, commissioned officer (made man = William) – aristocracy could buy commission, rank, but then they replaced that with educational competence Fanny Price – companion, silent observer, Tony Tanner "The Quiet Thing", she becomes the cornerstone of Mansfield Park, the moral backbone, even though it is a patriarchal world Marriage market novels – economic capital, social capital (status), personal capital (her charm, beauty) P. Bordieu – sociology of culture – anything can be capital, it can be exchanged for something else T. Picketty – contemporary economy can be found in the novels of Austen and de Balzac, rent of land – rent they collected from the farmers Social capital plays an important role in England – wealth and political influence. They don't have that much wealth (land) nowadays, but they are still politically influential, aristocracy is still elected in large number in the House of Commons. Austen's marriages – marriages of love and convenience Aunt Norris – claims that Fanny won't be a big expense; she could marry well just by being associated with the Bertrams; they will be raised like brothers and sisters, so they won't fall in love, it would be morally wrong; nurture over nature = education and social connections are everything!

Entertainment – talking (forming social relationships that might lead to engagement) and long walks (a constitutional, a new emphasis put on the body); parks are important, English parks = you have to feel pleasant in nature, "nature dressed, but not disguised" Parents – failing parents? Ms Bertram is always just sitting with her dog, she seemingly has no influence on her children; Sir Thomas is strict, but he's not that successful at raising his kids, either Female children – different education (needle work, music, French, drawing), no expectations of serious work in those professions, these are only hobbies Crawfords – Mary thinks that money can buy everything – a social force, it has a commanding role in society, and also that everything is up for exchange (conversion of one form of capital for another); she's been "contaminated" by London – talks about admirals, knows something about the profession, but a lot about their private lives (hints at homosexuality in the Navy), she's frank and arrogant; at Rushworth's estate, Henry openly flirts with Maria, tells her not to marry, i.e. shows interest in her, she flirts back – very little has been told, but everything has changed – Crawfords changed everything, they brought instability to Mansfield Park! Mary claims that a clergyman has no social or economic capital, he's "nothing", Edmund argues that they exert moral influence (manners, moral, religion), the profession is of first importance to mankind, but their difference in opinions depends on their opinion of who represents the country – the countryside or London? Edmund claims that life in the city and countryside is different – the relationship between the pastor and the parishioners also different, more personal in the country; country: virtue, knowable community, conduct, city: vice, anonymous mass, etiquette Knowable community – people from their own class! Class infected knowable community; locations connected by the class allegiance (people of the same social status) – they don't have immediate connections with their physical neighbors of the lower status, but with the people who might not be their physical neighbors, but belong to the same class National marriage market – middle-sized world, not the Atlantic world, nor a small town, it defines the limits of the nation state Antigua Colony Said – the importance of the Antigua colony for the Bertrams is essential, Moretti believes it is just important for the plot – we don't know much about the property or the type of trade they did, but we know that there were losses, but these losses didn't hurt them as much as Thomas's did Fanny is the focalizer, so the readers get to know only what Fanny knows and she doesn't know much about their financial status Said – Bertram's an absentee planter, they were replaced by the settlers This question of the importance of the colony, of the kind of colony it was, has to be raised, but cannot be answered! Fanny – slave position? Subordinate, no freedom of movement, little freedom of choice, no property, no political subjectivity, no ability to exercise free will, not treated like an equal (social status AND gender) Mansfield Park – Mansfield or Judge Mansfield, Somerset trial – people can't be treated like slaves in England The play – she doesn't want to be a part of the performance, a part of organizing relationships through performativity, while the Crawfords act in real life; Fanny has the role of a judge and a critic, just the one she has in the novel through focalization (she sits and judges, rarely talks) = she's a moral judge and critic since she has internalized the authority of Sir Thomas – she's his representative, but in the end, she's more successful than him Fanny says her judgment will be based on reason and honesty, she would be ration, which isn't common to women of that period, i.e. supposedly women were inferior to men since they were irrational, emotional, and men were ra...