CDAE024 Module 5 Notes PDF

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Professor Sarah Heiss...

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Module 5: Nonverbal Communication ●

Nonverbal Communication: the process of using wordless messages to generate meaning

How are Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Related? ★ Nonverbal communication works in conjunction with the words that we utter in six ways: to repeat, to emphasize, to complement, to contradict, to substitute, and to regulate. ● Repetition: the same message is sent both verbally and nonverbally. ● Emphasis: the use of nonverbal cues to strengthen verbal messages. ● Complementation: nonverbal and verbal codes add meaning to each other and expand the meaning of either message alone. ● Contradiction: verbal and nonverbal messages conflict. ● Substitution: nonverbal codes are used instead of verbal codes. ● Regulation: nonverbal codes are used to monitor and control interactions with others. Why are Nonverbal Codes Difficult to Interpret? 1. One code communicates a variety of meanings 2. A variety of codes communicate the same meaning What are Nonverbal Codes? ● Nonverbal Codes: codes of communication consisting of symbols that are not words, including nonword vocalizations. ● Kinesics: the study of bodily movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions. Types of Nonverbal Codes 1. Bodily Movement and Facial Expression a. Mehrabian (1971) i. Liking: expressed by forward leaning, a direct body orientation (such as standing face-to-face), close proximity, increased touching, relaxed posture, open arms and body, positive facial expression, and direct eye contact ii. Status: especially high status, is communicated nonverbally by bigger gestures, relaxed posture, and less eye contact. iii. Responsiveness: exhibited by movement toward the other person, by spontaneous gestures, by shifts in posture and position, and by facial expressiveness b. Ekman and Friesen i. Emblems: nonverbal movements that substitute for words and phrases. ii. Illustrators: onverbal movements that accompany or reinforce verbal messages.

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Affect Displays: nonverbal movements of the face and body used to show emotion. iv. Regulators: nonverbal movements that control the flow or pace of communication. v. Adaptors: nonverbal movements that you might perform fully in private but only partially in public. vi. + a person’s facial expressions provide information to others about how he or she feels. Physical Attraction Space a. Proxemics: the study of the human use of space and distance b. Werner (1987) i. Territoriality: refers to your need to establish and maintain certain spaces as your own. ii. Personal space: the personal “bubble” that moves around with you. c. Hall (1966) i. Intimate distance extends from you outward to 18 inches, and it is used by people who are relationally close to you ii. Personal distance ranges from 18 inches to 4 feet, and it is the distance used by most Americans for conversation and other non intimate exchanges. iii. Social distance ranges from 4 to 12 feet, and it is used most often to carry out business in the workplace, especially in formal, less personal situations iv. Public distance exceeds 12 feet and is used most often in public speaking in such settings as lecture halls; churches, mosques, and synagogues; courtrooms; and convention halls. Time a. Chronemics: also called temporal communication; the way people organize and use time and the messages that are created because of their organization and use of it. Touching a. Tactile Communication: the use of touch in communication. Vocal Cues a. Paralinguistic Features: the nonword sounds and nonword characteristics of language, such as pitch, volume, rate, and quality b. Vocal Cues: all of the oral aspects of sound except words themselves i. Pitch: the highness or lowness of your voice. ii. Rate: how rapidly or slowly you speak. iii. Inflection: the variety or changes in pitch. iv. Volume: the loudness or softness of your voice. v. Quality: the unique resonance of your voice, such as huskiness, nasality, raspiness, or whininess.

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Nonword sounds: “mmh,” “huh,” “ahh,” and the like, as well as pauses or the absence of sound used for effect in speaking. vii. Pronunciation: whether or not you say a word correctly. viii. Articulation: whether or not your mouth, tongue, and teeth coordinate to make a word understandable to others (such as a lisp). ix. Enunciation: whether or not you combine pronunciation and articulation to produce a word with clarity and distinction so that it can be understood. A person who mumbles has an enunciation problem. x. Silence: the lack of sound. 7. Clothing and Other Artifacts a. Objectics: also called object language; the study of the human use of clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes. b. Artifacts: ornaments or adornments you display that hold communicative potential....