Chapter-1- Introduction PDF

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CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTIONWhat is History? Happening or a series of happenings  A record of the past made available for the present  A ield study which traces man’s development  Everything that has been recorded or occurred from the beginning of ime to the last instant  As a record – documented s...

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CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION What is History?  Happening or a series of happenings  A record of the past made available for the present  A field study which traces man’s development  Everything that has been recorded or occurred from the beginning of time to the last instant  As a record – documented story of man and his society  As a type of literature history – a literary form that depict the unfolding of fateful events and to portray the rise of deterioration of character in a manner that ranks it with great novels and epic poetry (non-fiction) *A mere record or collection of events is NOT a history, but a CHRONOLOGY*  It must be a documented record of events that traces (shows patterns): o Man’s development/improvement o rise and fall or rebirth of a person or a community o How man met his various challenges through time and coped up  History – documented record of man and his society (Gray 1956)  A study of man and his achievements from the beginning of written records to the present  Social history – defined history as record of events showing the evolution of man and his society from the age of barbarism (earliest) to what he is today

Why do we study History?  It allows man to better understand his present situation  Only man is capable of writing history and deriving deeper meanings from it  Writing and learning from history is the only skill practiced and reserved for humans Carthartic effect – creating a more mature, more purified effect as a result of an experience in the past (Example: GomBurZa – Their deaths were used as a rallying points by Filipino reformists like Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio)  Man uses history almost universally (in hospitals, lawyers, engineers and architects, relationships and even personally) Not all histories are pleasant. Unpleasant experiences, failures, mistakes, especially tragic, should be better remembered so they will not be repeated. “When experience is not retained, as among savages; infancy is perpetual. Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it” – George Santayana ERROR: To say that history repeats itself In fact, history cannot be repeated but similar instances can come back “You can only step once on the same river” – Heraclitus (Greek philosopher)  Knowing history makes life more bearable  Worst enemy of man is forget history

“The worst possible enemy to society is the man who… is cut loose in his standards of judgement from the past; and universities which train men to use their minds carefully establishing the connection of their thought with that of the past, are instruments of social destruction.” – President Woodrow Wilson THE SOURCES OF HISTORY STUDY OF HISTORY IS A RELENTLESS SEARCH FOR THE TRUTH. Sources -

are always important where the information come from

Terminology of Philippines Historiography: historical sources are called batis. TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES Primary sources – materials which directly point or discuss the subject matter; pure and untainted       

Document – a written material that says about a historical event; can be:       

Narration Copy of speech Letter Receipt Report An eyewitness account Book

*Some of the sources are not written but can be authoritative:        

Relics Memorabalia Pictures Drawings Sketches Fossils Remains *Can be living individuals called eyewitnesses (In research: respondents or informants)

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Autobiographies Speeches Essays by persons expressing his own view Receipts Letter to the editor expressing the writer’s views Laws, ordinances, letters of instructions, decrees Books containing direct quotations of the events Newspaper articles reporting directly about the event Diaries and journals Reports Eyewitness accounts Letters Editorials Transcripts of record Census Workbook Microfilm of government report CD of interview

Secondary sources – made by individuals who were not direct participants to the event or people who got the information from somebody else or from primary sources - Digested information – info derived from primary sources are secondary sources   

Textbooks Encyclopedia entries Blog article

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Wikipedia Magazine articles about a topic Digest of reports Synopsis of a speech Teachers’ reports on student behavior as reported to school counselors Reports from a person talking about the subject matter

General references or Tertiary source – help point to the reader to primary or secondary source.    

Card catalogue about a book/document Abstracts of books Theses and dissertations Internet

Documentary research – activity in researching for written materials CONTEMPORARY SOURCE MATERIALS  Recent vintage or origin; current or very recent  Recentness – from present to 35-49 yrs.  (Ex: brochures, souvenir programs of events, newspapers) *Historical source materials can be classified according to AGE. National Library of the Philippines -

Keeps a special section which the brochures and souvenir programs were stored in special boxes called vertical files.

Official Gazette (OG) -

An official government publication Contains laws, decrees, letters of instructions and resolutions

Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA) -

Where courts like Supreme Court compile their cases in a book Cases here contain digests of cases which may serve as precedents in future litigations.

Congressional Record of the House of Representatives and the Senate -

Where legislatives like HR and Senate keep the minutes of their proceedings

Rare books – no longer current or produced or published (50 years old); - its value is it opens a window to the past and it exposes the reader to the situations and way of thinking of people decades or even centuries ago. *Rare books are only chosen for their contents which are not anymore current for the contemporary times and they represent a certain period of the past. *Contain both primary and secondary information; access to them is restricted *Rare Books Section – where rare books are placed Archival documents – chosen for the information they contained - placed in an archive (a place where old records are stored)     

Official materials (Spanish royal decrees or cedularios) Service records or hojas de servivios Receipts Ereccion de pueblos (documents about the establishment of town Registers (gremios)

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Transcripts of records of Filipino heroes (like Jose Rizal and Apolinario Mabini)

Philippine National Archive (PNA) – the main archive of the Philippines -

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Contains more than 2 million documents dating back to the Spanish period Their collection is considered the richest in Asia Most important part of the PNA collection is its Spanish collection comprising 13 million manuscripts from the 16th-19th century (cover the legal, ecclesiastical, medical, and cultural history of the Philippines during the 333 years of Spanish rule

Archives of the University of Santo Tomas (AUST) -

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Religious order which contains the archives of the Dominican Order in the Philippines *Jesuit keep theirs at Ateneo de Manila University; a large part of the Philippine Hesuit records are in Spain and in Archivium Romanum Societatislesu (ARSI) in Rome, Italy* Among its collections are two deeds of sale of a parcel of land in Santa Cruz, Manila (1661), written in Baybayin

National Library of the Philippines -

Main library of the PH Known for its Filipiniana Division Has Rare Books Section which books from Spanish & American periods The repository of the original Noli and El Fili, as well as his letters and last poem stored in a special vault.

APPRECIATING HISTORICAL SOURCES [PROCESSES TO ANALYZE THE IMPORTANCE OF A HISTORICAL DOCUMENT] To be able to understand history: Have a skeptical mind Open to new ideas Modify his views in the face of new evidence or a persuasive argument - Interpret based on own perspective 1. External criticism – examines if document is genuine - Studies who made the document and when; nature or authenticity -

Code of Kalintaw Code – best example of a forgery in Philippine history which was proven to be a 20th century hoax. 2. Internal criticism – determining whether the contents of historical information is accurate - Concerned with what the document says (Frankel and Wallen, 2010) Why do we need to study RPH?  Allows the student of the country’s past to read the actual sources of the story of the nation  Exposed to the actual sources  Develop his own perspectives about his country’s past  Improve his present condition as an individual, as member of society, church and state  Fulfill the desire to allow every generation to have their own insight about the past and how they will be able to learn from it  Must be able to develop a sense of critical analysis to be able to decide for

   

himself which document is believable and would lead to the truth Citations – guide in trying to read the entirety of document To be able to effectively use rare books/other publications Put the researcher in the historical context of the work and of the author Have the knowledge of the language when the book was written

Archival research – another form of documentary research which involves the research of old documents National Archives Act of the Philippines or Republic Act No. 9470 -

Archival material refer to public records, papers, periodicals, books or other items, articles or materials whether in the form of electronic audio-visual or print which by their value and their characteristics have enduring archival value that has been selected for permanent preservation.

*Colegio de San Juan de Letran *Escuela de Dibujos *Japanese War Crimes Trials *Yamashita Papers (contain the trial of General Tomuyuki Yamashita) Executive Director of the Archives – restricts some documents; issues legal impediment or a standard advice that such records be withheld from public access Archdiocese of Manila – one of the important and richest private archives -

Encompassing almost 500 years it contains important documents such as baptisms, the foundations of parishes,

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dioceses and archdioceses, pastoral letters, reports from various churches, retraction letters including those of Rizal and Isabelo de los Reyes Documents with controversial nature: brujeriias or witchcraft, divorce, conflicts within the church

*Franciscans also maintain their archives in Manila *Recollects keep their records in Quezon City Archival materials/rare books accessible worldwide in internet are books under Gutenberg project (original Iliad, proclamations of the President of US) HABITS TO DEVELOP AND RULES TO FOLLOW WHILE RESEARCHING IN THE ARCHIVES  Archives and rare books sections of libraries allow only serious researchers  PNA requires researcher to comply with ff: o Provide atleast 2 letters of reference o Sign in the Search Room’s logbook o Fill up an application form o Pay the annual fee  Clean hands with alcohol as his hands may be greasy, sweaty or dirty...