Chapter 1 Introduction to Medical Terminology PDF

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Chapter 1 of EHS 115...

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● The Four Types Of Word Parts ○ Word Root = contains the basic meaning of the term. Usually, but not always, indicates the involved body parts (ex: stomach is gastro-) ○ Combining Form = word root with a combining vowel added at the end, used when two word roots are combined or when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added. When a combining form appears alone, it’s shown with a (/) between the word root and the combining vowel (ex: gastr is gastr/o; note: a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y) ○ Suffix = usually, but not always, indicates the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease; always comes at the end of the word; shown when a hyphen (-) is before it (ex: -itis → inflammation) ○ Prefix = usually, but not always, indicates location, time, number, or status; always comes at the beginning of a word; shown when a hyphen (-) is after it (ex: hyper- → excessive or increased) ● Table 1.1 : Word Part Guidelines 1. A word root cannot stand alone. A suffix must always be added at the end of the word to complete the term. 2. The rules for creating a combining form by adding a vowel apply when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added to a word root. 3. If a prefix is added, it is always placed at the beginning of the word. ● Word Roots ○ myel/o → spinal cord ○ oste/o → bone ○ my/o → muscle ○ neur/o → nerve ○ arthr/o → joint ● Table 1.2 : Word Roots And Combining Forms Indicating Color ○ cyan/o = blue ■ Cyanosis = blue discoloration of the skin caused by lack of adequate oxygen in the blood (-osis → abnormal disease/condition)

○ erythr/o = red ■ Erythrocyte = mature red blood cell (-cyte → cell) ○ leuk/o = white ■ Leukocyte = white blood cell ○ melan/o = black ■ Melanosis = any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in body tissues/organs ○ poli/o = gray ■ Poliomyelitis = viral infection of the gray nerve tissue of the spinal cord (-itis → inflammation) ● Combining Forms Vowels ○ When two words are joined, a combining vowel is always added to the first word root. ○ A combining vowel is used at the end of the second word root only if the suffix begins with a constant. ○ Ex: Gastroenteritis combines two word roots with a suffix: when gastr (stomach) is joined with enter (small intestine), a vowel is used to make the combining form gastr/o; enter is joined to -itis without a combining vowel because the suffix begins with a vowel. ○ Gastroenteritis = an inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. ● Suffixes ○ A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant. ■ Ex: When neur/o is joined with -plasty (surgical repair) or -rrhaphy (surgical suturing), the combining vowel o is used because -plasty and -rrhaphy both begin with a consonant. ■ Neuroplasty = the surgical repair of a nerve ■ Neurorrhaphy = suturing together the ends of a severed nerve. ○ A combining vowel is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel. a. No combining vowel is needed when adding either -itis or -ectomy

(surgical removal) to tonsill, because they both start with a vowel (tonsill → tonsil) b. Tonsillitis = an inflammation of the tonsils c. Tonsillectomy = the surgical removal of the tonsils ○ Suffixes as Noun Endings: some suffixes change the word root into a noun. ■ Ex: Cranium = portion of the skull that encloses the brain (crani → skull; -um is a noun ending) ■ Table 1.3 : Suffixes as Noun Endings -a

-um

-e

-us

○ Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining To” : many suffixes meaning “pertaining to” are used to change the meaning of a word root into an adjective. ■ Ex: word root cardi means heart, and the suffix -ac means pertaining to. Once combined, they form the term cardiac, an adjective that means pertaining to the heart. ■ Table 1.4 : Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining To” -ac

-eal

-ior

-al

-ical

-ory

-an

-ial

-ous

-ar

-ic

-tis

-ary

-ine

○ Suffixes Meaning “Abnormal Condition or Disease” : many suffixes, such as -osis, means “abnormal condition or disease” ■ Ex: Gastrosis = any disease of the stomach ■ Table 1.5 : Suffixes Meaning “Abnormal Condition” -ago

-iasis

-osis

-esis

-ion

-ia

-ism

○ Suffixes Related to Pathology : suffixes relate to pathology describe disease conditions. Pathology is the study of all aspects of diseases (path → disease; -ology → study of) ■ -algia = pain and suffering (Gastralgia → pain in stomach; stomachache) ■ -dynia = pain (Gastrodynia → same thing as gastralgia) ■ -itis = inflammation (Gastritis → inflammation of stomach) ■ -megaly = enlargement (Hepatomegaly → abnormal enlargement of the liver; hepat/o → liver) ■ -malacia = abnormal softening (Arteriomalacia → abnormal softening of the walls of an artery; arteri/o → artery) ■ -necrosis = tissue death (Arterionecrosis → tissue death of an artery) ■ -sclerosis = abnormal hardening (Arteriosclerosis → abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery) ■ -stenosis = abnormal narrowing (Arteriostenosis → abnormal narrowing of an artery) ○ Suffixes Related to Procedures : some suffixes identify the procedure that is performed on the body part indicated by the word root. ■ -centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid ● Abdominocentesis = surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid (abdomin/o = abdomen) ■ -graphy = process of producing a picture/record ● Angiography = process of producing a radiographic (x-ray) study of blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium to make these blood vessels visible (angi/o → blood vessel)

■ -gram = picture or record (Angiogram → resulting film that is produced by angiography) ■ -plasty = surgical repair (Myoplasty → surgical repairs of a muscle) ■ -scopy = visual examination (Arthroscopy → visual examination of the internal structure of a joint) ○ The “Double R” Suffixes : suffixes beginning with two of the letter r, are of Greek origin. ■ -rrhage and -rrhagia = bleeding (especially severe) (Hemorrhage → loss of a large amount of blood in a short time; hem/o = blood) ■ -rrhaphy = surgical suturing to close a wound and includes the use of sutures, staples, or surgical glue (Myorrhaphy → surgical suturing of a muscle wound) ■ -rrhea = flow or discharge and refers to most body fluids (Diarrhea → frequent flow of loose or watery stools; dia- → through) ■ -rrhexis = rupture (Myorrhexis → rupture of a muscle) ● Prefixes ○ Prefixes usually, but not always, indicate location, time, or number. ○ Natal = pertaining to birth (nat → birth) ○ Prenatal = time and events before birth (pre- → before) ○ Perinatal = time and events surrounding birth; just before, during, and just after birth (peri- → surrounding) ■ Table 1.6 : Prefixes Describing Direction, Quantity, Size and Amount ab- → away from, negative, absent

ad- → toward, to, in the direction of

dextr/o → right side

sinistr/o → left side

ex- → out of, outside, away from

in- → in, into, not, without

macro- → large, abn. size or long

micro-, micro → small

mega- , megal/o → large, great

olig/o- → scanty, few

pre- → before

post- → after, behind

○ Postnatal = time and events after birth ● Determining Meanings On The Basis Of Word Parts ○ Otorhinolaryngology = study of diseases of the ear, throat, and nose. ○ Table 1.7 : Contrasting Prefixes: Opposites ab- → away from Abnormal = not normal or away from normal

ad- → toward/ in the direction of Addiction = being down toward or having a strong dependence on a drug or substance

dys- → bad, difficult, painful Dysfunctional = an organ or body part that’s not working properly

eu- → good, normal, well, easy Eupnea = easy or normal breathing

hyper- → excessive or increased Hypertension = higher than normal blood pressure

hypo- → deficient or decreased Hypotension = lower than normal blood pressure

inter- → between or among Interstitial → between, but not within, the parts of a tissue

intra- → within or inside Intramuscular = within the muscle

sub- → under, less, below Subcostal = below a rib or ribs

super-, supra- → above/excessive Supracostal = above or outside the ribs

○ Otolaryngology = study of the ears and larynx or throat ○ Lithotomy ■ Basis of word parts: surgical incision for the removal of a stone (lith → stone)

■ Other definition: name of an examination position in which the patient is lying on her back with her feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups. ● Pronunciation ○ Part of word that receives the primary (most) emphasis is shown in boldface uppercase letters. ■ Edema (eh-DEE-mah) = swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body. ○ Part of word that receives secondary (less) emphasis is shown in boldface lowercase letters. ■ Appendicitis (ah-pen-dih-SIGH-tis) = inflammation of the appendix (appendic → appendix) ● Singular And Plural Endings ○ Table 1.9 : Guidelines to Unusual Plural Forms Singular bursa vertebra appendix index diagnosis metastasis arthritis meningitis phalanx meninx criterion ganglion diverticulum ovum alveolus malleolus

Plural bursae vertebrae appendices indices diagnoses metastases arthritides meningitides phalanges meninges criteria ganglia diverticula ova alveoli malleoli

○ Phalanges = bones of the fingers and toes ● Basic Medical Terms To Describe Diseases ○ arteri/o, ather/o, and arthr/o ■ Endarterial = pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery (end- → within)

■ Atheroma = a fatty deposit within the wall of an artery (ather/o → plaque or fatty substance; -oma → tumor) ■ Arthralgia = pain in a joint or joints ○ -ectomy, -ostomy, and -otomy ■ Appendectomy = surgical removal of the appendix (-ectomy → surgical removal) ■ Colostomy = surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface (-ostomy → surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface) ■ Colotomy = surgical incision into the colon (-otomy → cutting or a surgical incision) ○ Fissura and Fistula ■ Fissure = a groove or crack-like sore of the skin ■ Fistula = abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body; may be due to surgery, injury, or the draining of an abscess ○ Ileum and Ilium ■ Ileum = last and longest portion of the small intestine ■ Ilium = part of the hip bone ○ Infection and Inflammation ■ Meningitis = inflammation of meninges (brain and spinal cord membranes) caused by an infection (mening → meninges) ■ Tendinitis = inflammation of the tissue connecting muscle to bone (tendon) (tendin → tendon) ■ Infection = invasion of the body by a pathogenic (disease-producing) organism. ● Can remain localized or be systematic ● Signs and symptoms: malaise, chills and fever, redness, heat and

swelling, or exudate from a wound. ■ Malaise = feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness that is often the first indication of an infection or other disease. ■ Exudate = a fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound. ■ Inflammation = localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues ● Key indicators: (1) erythema (redness), (2) hyperthermia (heat), (3) edema (swelling), and (4) pain. ● Caused by extra blood flowing into the area as part of the healing process. ○ Laceration and Lesion ■ Laceration = torn/jagged wound or an accidental cut. ■ Lesion = a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury. ○ Mucous and Mucus ■ Mucous = specialized membranes that line the body cavities. ■ Mucus = fluid secreted by these mucous membranes. ○ myc/o, myel/o, and my/o ■ Mycosis = any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus (myc/o → fungus) ■ Myelopathy = any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord (pathy→ disease; myel/o → bone marrow or spinal cord) ■ Myopathy = any pathologic change or disease of muscle tissue (my/o → muscle) ○ -ologist and -ology ■ Dermatologist = physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin (dermat- → skin; -ologist → specialist)

■ Neonatology = study of disorders of the newborn (neo- → new) ○ Palpation and Palpitation ■ Palpation = an examination technique in which the examiner’s hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts. ■ Palpitation = pounding or racing heart ○ pyel/o, py/o, and pyr/o ■ Pyelitis = inflammation of the renal pelvis (pyel/o → renal pelvis (part of the kidney)) ■ Pyoderma = any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo (py/o → pus) ■ Pyrosis = discomfort due to the regurgitation of stomach acid upward into the esophagus (pyr/o → fever or fire) ○ Supination and Suppuration ■ Supination = act of rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is forward or upward. ■ Suppuration = formation or discharge of pus ○ Triage and Trauma ■ Triage = medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority of need and the proper place of treatment. ■ Trauma = wound or injury that might occur in an accident, shooting, natural disaster, or fire. ○ Viral and Virile ■ Viral = pertaining to a virus (vir → virus or poison) ■ Virile = having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male....