Delkurs 1 Perspektiv på globalisering (ISP) PDF

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Perspektiv på globalisering [email protected] When reading books, first read introduction, then read the conclusion.’ News Story, Book Review, Role Play, Individual essay Watch: Battle in seattle First Story: What is globalization, When did it start? Present a news story, discuss in between class sessions. Produce 2 seminar papers and present them. (ENDNOTES) for referencing!! If its peer reviewed, you can most likely cite it an essay. PRESENTATION RELEVANCE OBJECTIVELY PROVENANCE METHOD TIMELINESS DOING SOCIAL SCIENCE some good moves: -take charge of definitions, for example globalisation, define it before answering questions about it. -working with evidence, different sources, what's good evidence, -assessing sources -choosing measures: data and analysis -base your work on a critical appreciation of scholarship - discussion and testing options, “when we are doing science we are not establishing truth, we are defining what's not true” - Don't take anything at base values, always think about your sources.

Lectures Agriculture What characterises civalistiation? Was agriculture a mistake? Why did spain colonize mexico och inte tvärtom? about 10-12 000 years ago humans began to domesticate plants and animals, leading to

more permanent settlements, it made more sense to make food come to you, than to come to food. Consumption and production were bundled together, but in a new relationship. which is to most successful animal? are we using chickens, cows and dogs? or are they using us? same with plants? they have more change of living now then before, and are more spread than ever. positive feedback loops, and negative feedback loops. there were so many setbacks and collapses that it's hard to support the idea of linear and inevitable progress, it failed a lot of times, before succeeding. the story of civilization is more about it collapsing a lot of times than succeeding. like the incas, roman empire, greece empire, egypt. and a lot of other lost and destroyed civilizations. global trade began, but mostly in luxury goods, and only for the elite, so it didn't affect the average person.

the rise of agriculture, is associated with poor health and nutrition, when going to these kind of foods instead of hunter gathering for food, skeletons seems to support the idea that instead of feeding 10 people with good nutritious food, u could feed 15 people with less nutritious diet. rice wheat etc is less nutritious than insects meat and berries. also when the crop fails, u will have starvation, because u are dependent on the crops, and u cant go back to hunting and gathering.

URBANIZATION and industrialization The industrial revolution, a shift from hand manufacturing to machine, Steam and water power, new technology based processes like machine tools, iron, chemicals. this created a structural change in national economy, it transformed livelihoods and living standards, it also shifted the main focus from farms in the countryside to factories in cities, big cities started forming and urbanisation grew rapidly.

The first industrial revolution was centered around textiles, steam power, and iron. The second was instead centered around was around organizing this and electrical power, processes for steel and machine tools was mass produced.

Song China had: economic expansion, driven by climate neo-confucianism governance, a bit more discipline than buddhism national trade network roads boats paper money

production of textiles bby machine coal power in 1295 after a partial collapse marco polo observed that china was ahead of the wes in nearly every way. (djingis khan and mongolia)

The ict revolution and the world wide web how globalisation have changed over time, the role of internet in forging a new globalisation, how interconnectivity generates risk. industrialization drove a divergence in the world economy and a unbundling in production. globalisation ended in a war and economic crisis sandwich, 1914-1945. postwar unbundling and global economic integration, gatt and wto. politics like free trade and technology cut shipping costs, then in 1990s globalisation changed dramatically from itc. moving information became very cheap, co-ordinating manufacturing at a distance became easier. coaching the second team (soccer analogy). it's not that distance doesn't matter overall, its that distance matter less, for example germany-poland still makes more sense than germany-mongolia.

Trade and production civilization is always on the verge of ending, black death, nukes, cold war, environmental changes. there's winner and losers in globalisation Winners the industralisased North The outsourcing south Commodity producers - sometimes (when economy and trade are going well, nations with high natural resources like oil ores gases)

Losers Northern working class remote, nations that cant benefit indigenous people, living on the land of natural resources

Capital and production capital generates production, and production generates capital. households produces labour, and receive goods and wages from firms, they spend money

and firms receive revenue from that. if you have capital, you can invest it in trade, which in turn produces more capital. Absolute and comparative advantage supply chain risks: environmental risks, political risks:populism and protectionism, conflict risks: indirect, eg iran and oil prices, direct, eg conflict in africa. globalisation benefits, poverty reduction, peace through interconnection. globalisation war and peace, by max roser. the world is safer than ever before Inequality and social justice we have preconceived ways of looking at the world.

Envinormental damage as an externatlity of globalisation: How bad is it? Meadows, D. Limits to growth

the state of the world: pollution, population, industrial output, food and resources.

Future of globalisation

The great convergence G7: US, Germany, Italy, Japan, France, UK, Canada I6: China, Korea, India, Poland, Thailand, Indonesia ICT: Information and communication technology the North: the developed countries the South: the developing countries gvc: Global value chain, describes the people and activities involved in the production of a good or service and its supply, distribution, and post-sales activities when activities must be coordinated across continents.

Cost of moving people, cost of moving ideas, and cost of moving goods, are the three main contributors to baldwins view of globalisation.

Chapter 1 In the 1820s steam power greatly reduced the cost of moving good across the world, this created a great divergence where the g7 leaped from 20% of the worlds income, to about 66% of the worlds income, in the 1990s the cost of ICT was greatly reduced and a second globalisation began, between 1990 and 2010, the g7 countries share of income plummeted back to where it was in 1914, and instead the Industrial six´s income share rose dramatically. in the 1820s when the first unbundling took place, the cost of moving goods was drastically reduced, but the cost of moving people and ideas was still very high, so even though the market was expanded to a global scale, the production still was clustered locally in the North, and it stayed in the North, workers in the North, also received higher wages when the developed nations ideas stayed in their countries and the quality of living in these countries got better.

in the 1990s the second unbundling of globalisation occured, the cost of moving ideas went down, which in turn made the North, move some of their production to the South, where the wage gap made it lucrative to offshore jobs, since they now also could move ideas and goods, at lower costs than before. The I6, got the technology and the information from the G7, and the G7 got the I6s labor, which was less expensive than, having the high wage labor from their own countries. soccer analogy Before the industrialisation, trade was limited to materials and luxury items that couldn't be attained nearby, even though trade occurred, between europe and asia, this would not have any relevant impact on the ordinary man's life. Only the elite, was affected by the silk road trade. Until the start of the 1800s Asia was still the economic centre of the world, since it was the most populous area of the world, however this was changing rapidly with the europeans started to get more money per capita then the chinese and indians, and middle easterns, etc. there was a change occurring where, europeans on average had a better life with more money and less starvation, but since the asian population was far greater than the european, asia was the economic core of the world.

Chapter 2 three acts of globalisations first unbundling, act one 1820-1914, where trade, industrialization, urbanisation and growth increases massively. 1914-1946 when war, the great depression and another war stagnates this growth, and we wonder if globalisation is doomed, 1946-1990, here it overcomes adversity. the growth of the g7 increases once more, to incredible proportions. the primary driver of lower trade costs around the 1800s was the incredible drop in transportation cost, but not only to better shipping, the spread of the gold standard also helped facilitate international commerce. according to Alan Taylor, Antoni Estevadeordal and Brian Frantz. Steam power was important, the first steam engine wasn't very good, it was very large, not very powerful and consumed an absurd amount of fuel, but it still was efficient for coal mines, where it could pump out water and outcompete around 500 horses. throughout the years improvements was made in its design making it effective in other uses than mines, and a lot of industries starting using it. railroads reduced the cost of moving goods across land, and opened up the inlands of nations and countries to the global economy. steampowered boats was used. the impact of steamships was huge, making trans atlantic trips was now easy to do, at least compared to before, increasing global trade rapidly. not only the trade in goods was transformed, also the trade in communication wa transformed with the telegraph, messages between continents used to take multiple weeks, now it was reduced to minutes.

in the year 1820, great britain's domestic prices , were being set by internatinoal supply and demand, not domestic, this is what is considered the start of modern economic globalisation. countries started to focus on what they did best, and import the rest, so local consumption wasn't tied to local production, it was instead tied to global production. 1815 end of napoleonic wars, start of 100 years of peace and pax britannica, britain's unrivaled naval force, kept them as the number one trade power. global trade soared! urbanisation in g7 and ancient civs. during a long time, the industrialization had taken more people from rural areas and from farm and husbandry works, to works in factories in cities, in the beginning of the 1900s Europe and america was the continents with the most cities with over 500 000 inhabitants, in the beginning of the 1800s europe was far below china in this regard. in the 1950 60% of the g7s population was urbanized, while in the ancient civs, it was below 30%. urbanisation had clearly happened all over the world, but the north atlantic economies were far ahead of the rest of the world, this is according to baldwin related to the massive urbanisation of these economies and explains some the massive income differences, that created the big divergence. gatt wto tariffs The general agreement on tariffs and trade, from 1995 the a agreement within the WTO. it was written in 1947 to make a shift from uk controlling world trade and world trade rules, to make a more even playing field and reduce tariffs, and to make trade more favorable for the whole world instead of only a few big nations. containerization maybe even more important than the tariffs being lowered was the invention of containers, it reduced the cost of trade in a ridiculous fashion, before goods was packed by hand and, it took a lot longer, to pack a ship and last of a ship and move to different places by hand, with containers lifting cranes could do all the work, also all ports could become more effective with a standard container measurements and, the ports didn't need as many workers, and cost went down even more.

Chapter 3 Ict and globalisations second unbundling this new globalisation is vastly different from the globalisation just 40-50 years ago, companies now offshore so much of work to different nations and a lot of companies move location entirely. a lot of american and canadian companies for example now are based in our have most of their work done, and ven have their hqs in mexico, this is amazing for the developing countries where new opportunities arise for the local population, but for the already developed countries population not so much, even if their company make more money, and maybe the gdp of the nation increases, the average person in countries like Sweden, England, America, all have to worry about losing their jobs to a low wages labour in different countries.

not only ict was important, air cargo also was elevated to new heights. not because it got a lot cheaper than sea travel, it actually still is way more expensive than shiping, but the speed is what made it so widely used. at this time g7s share of global income went from 66% back to where it was in the beginning of the 1900s, while the now industrialising countries global income share rose sharply. this because the north started to deindustrialize while the south started to get offshore jobs at increasing rates. most changes that ict has brought has however bypassed africa and latin america almost completely, baldwin speculates that if the cost of moving face to face meetings sinks, (with AI or VR) this might change, MORE IN CHAPTER 10 the 4th phase or second unbundling also made developing countries, move to much more open societies less regulations on trade and tariffs, more opened borders, less oppression. this is not how other countries and the g7 (except for britain) did there industrialisation, they did the opposite, but at this time protectionism turned into destructionism in the view of almost all the world, more openness lead to more firms wanting to offshore to just there country instead of another one. Poverty also got affected, although more people now live in extreme poverty than before that because of rapid population growth in poor countries, in most of the r11 poverty got lower and over 650 million people got out of poverty.

Chapter 4 countries still tend to offshore close to home, creating it so that africa and south america gets a bit left out until communication costs reduce. the continued rapid urbanisation suggests that distance actually is getting more important. Chapter 5 nations are splitting up their production and they bring their know-how to low income nations, nations who try compete, have it increasingly difficult if they don't, spread the company out of the nations.

The butterfly defect Systemic risk: is the possibility that an event at the company level could trigger severe instability or collapse in an entire industry or economy. According to goldin, Globalization is about society's once insulated becoming more connected, cultures and views, it's primarily about the flow of ideas. it's about walls coming down, around they year the last 25ish years. 65 countries has become democratic since the fall of the berlin wall. Globalisation has increased the population of the world by 2 billion in that same time, since ideas like washing your hands, not smoking and vaccines spread across the globe. but even though increase of human beings, the poverty in the world has gone down by 300 million people. Compared to before, we live in a world in which we are more connected than ever before, that includes good, services, people and ideas. globalisation has lead to remarkable improvements in living standards for most of the world. our lives are now much richer and consists of many more choices, more information, more opportunities. War and conflict has also been decreased by this phenomenon, ie, the cold war, fall of regimes in africa, south america and asia are some examples of this, for most of the world globalisation has been extraordinary, and raised the world's average well being. however, not all people see globalisation as a positive, some people instead look at the risks, and the negatives of globalisation, for example expanding disparity in income, financial crisis, climate destruction, cyberattacks and outbreaks of different pandemic diseases.

The future of globalisation needs a intellectual and institutional revolution, according to goldin and mariathasan, this to create financial governance. In countries where citizens feel that, they do not longer control their destiny, they feel concerned. This in turn makes people to try and bring more responsibility home, and be more local, this is where the anti globalisation movement gets even more momentum, anti globalisation in some sense also leaves the door open for nationalistic ideas. Movements like brexit and different referendums for independence takes place all over the world. Hindering and threatening to disrupt the relative global political stability we've built up the last decades. Globalisation needs to be nurtured and lead by local, national and global policies to make sure, it keeps encouraging development, instead of hindering development. We can't reverse or hinder the the speed of globalisation and how much we are interconnected, even with borders and regulations, because virtual exchange won't be affected by such means, it only halts the flow of goods and services. Global integration could be slowed down, it might be advisable at times, but we can't leave that to nations, they will not alone be able to do anything, we have common responsibility everywhere in the world to make the future work. And only if we learn to cooperate globally we can steer globalisation in a way that is needed, even though regional and bilateral agreements are vital for global agreement we need more. The forces of globalisation require active governance at global, national and regional level. This is not a new idea, after the great depression and the ww2 leaders of the world established some institutions like the world bank and international monetary fund. They have played an important role, but we're designed for a time before the second unbundling of globalisation. The demand for new global institutions/policies( a fundamental reorganization) are higher for every day. The regulations that are being implemented currently are most likely not enough (Basel III and others) to hinder economic crashes like the 07/08 one. Disappointed by the failure to address and fix the current crises, citizens and governments have resolved to local solutions more than globally connected solutions. But since it is a global problem this is not the right way to go. Countries acting in their self interest, are unlikely to lead to sustained collectively good outcomes, for example the aral sea, was used by 6 different countries to get water to their inhabitants and to their crops, they all acted right, but together they destroyed the lake by using all its water, and it is no more a lake, now it's a puddle. The idea of something coming into our societies and killing us is not new, the black death is on example, of how globalisation back then brought a pandemic that killed over 30% of europe's population, what's new is the speed and rate of these occurrences, the swine flu started in mexico city, and in 6 weeks had reached 160 countries. andthe oxford martin school as modelled the spread of the swine flu, and it is almost identical to air traffic. the superspreaders of the goods of globalisations ie the airports, balso becomes the superspreaders of the bad. if you live in a city, diseases are more exposed because they spread easier with

urbanisation. maybe it's not the agriculture that causes crowding, it might be that at ...