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University of Southern Philippines Foundation Salinas Drive, Lahug, Cebu CityCOLLEGE OF NURSINGMC 1 (Human Anatomy and Physiology) (Instructor: Mr. Victor P. Degamo, RN, MN, LPT)I. Module I - Human Body: An OrientationII. Overview/Introduction This module emphasizes the relevance of anatomy and phys...

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University of Southern Philippines Foundation Salinas Drive, Lahug, Cebu City COLLEGE OF NURSING MC 1 (Human Anatomy and Physiology) (Instructor: Mr. Victor P. Degamo, RN, MN, LPT) I. Module I - Human Body: An Orientation II. Overview/Introduction This module emphasizes the relevance of anatomy and physiology in explaining the phenomena that occur in the body every day. It introduces and establishes the framework upon which all the other chapters are built. This provides the necessary terminology so that instructors and students are all “speaking the same language.” These concepts will help students to master the more difficult material in future chapters. This module requires students to begin to learn the language of medicine. This language is a universal one shared by medical professionals across various specializations, and it is one that the students will repeatedly “speak” in their future allied health careers. Levels of hierarchical structural/anatomical organization in the body are included in this module. Beginning with the atomic building block level and progressing through to the highest level of organization, the human body. A brief overview of each organ system follows, with a focus on how all the organ systems are interconnected into a working whole. The five survival needs of the body to accomplish the necessary life functions are also included in this module. This module also provides the basic terminology that will be used and expanded throughout. Also, this module focuses on the following: anatomical positions, directional, regional terms, terminologies for body sections and planes, classification of body cavities. The final section of this module ends with a discussion of homeostasis, the ability of the organ systems to cohesively function to respond to the ever-changing environment, as well as consequent disease states that occur when homeostasis cannot be achieved or resolved.

III. Learning Outcomes 1. Explain what anatomy and physiology are and how they are related.

2. Name the six levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related. 3. List down the different organ systems of the body, and briefly state the major functions of each system. 4. Explain the eight functions that humans must perform to maintain life. 5. List the five survival needs of the human body. 6. Describe or demonstrate the different anatomical positions. 7. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes. 8. Locate the major body cavities, and list the chief organs in each cavity. 9. Explain the importance of homeostasis. 10. Define negative feedback, and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function.

11. Explain how the different organ systems relate to each other to maintain the physical health of the human being. 12. Address classmates, teachers, and others with respect and trust. 13. Display respect in interacting and engaging with classmates, teachers, and others. IV. Learning Activities

A. Lecture notes/Discussion: Interactive discussion via zoom Definition of Anatomy and Physiology. 

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Anatomy  Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts  Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts Gross anatomy  Large structures  Easily observable Microscopic anatomy  Structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye  Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope Physiology  Study of how the body and its parts work or function  Structure determines what functions can occur  For example, the air sacs of the lungs have very thin walls, a feature that enables them to exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body

Six levels of structural organization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organisms

Organ System Overview 1. Integumentary system  Forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails  Waterproofs the body  Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury  Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight  Excretes salts in perspiration  Helps regulate body temperature  Location of cutaneous nerve receptors 2. Skeletal system  Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints  Provides muscle attachment for movement  Protects vital organs  Site of blood cell formation  Stores minerals 3. Muscular system  The skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)  Produces movement of bones 4. Nervous system  Fast-acting control system  Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors  Responds to internal and external stimuli  Sensory receptors detect changes

Messages are sent to the central nervous system The central nervous system assesses information and activates effectors (muscles and glands) Endocrine system  Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood  Body functions controlled by hormones include:  Growth  Reproduction  Use of nutrients  Endocrine glands include:  Pituitary gland  Thyroid and parathyroids  Adrenal glands  Thymus  Pancreas  Pineal gland  Ovaries (females) and testes (males) Cardiovascular system  Includes heart and blood vessels  Heart pumps blood  Vessels transport blood to tissues  Blood transports:  Oxygen and carbon dioxide  Nutrients  Hormones  Blood also contains white blood cells and chemicals that protect from foreign invaders Lymphatic system  Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs  Complements the cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids to bloodstream  Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the blood  Houses white blood cells, which are involved in immunity Respiratory system  Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs  Gases are exchanged with the blood through air sacs in the lungs  Supplies the body with oxygen  Removes carbon dioxide Digestive system  Includes the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs  Breaks down food  Allows for nutrient absorption into the blood  Eliminates indigestible material as feces Urinary system  Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra  Eliminates nitrogenous wastes  Maintains acid-base balance  Regulates water and electrolyte balance  Helps regulate normal blood pressure  

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11. Reproductive system  For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system  Testes produce sperm  Duct system carries sperm to exterior  For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina  Ovaries produce eggs  Uterus provides a site of development for the fetus Maintaining Life: Necessary Life Functions 1. Maintaining boundaries  Boundaries separate the “inside” from the “outside.” 2. Movement  Locomotion  Movement of substances 3. Responsiveness (irritability)  Ability to sense changes and react 4. Digestion  Breakdown and absorption of nutrients 5. Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body  Breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones  Builds larger molecules from smaller ones  Produces energy (ATP)  Regulated by hormones 6. Excretion  Eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions  Wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat 7. Reproduction  Occurs on a cellular level or organismal level  On a cellular level—new cells are used for growth and repair  On organismal level—the reproductive system handles the task 8. Growth  Increases cell size or body size (through increasing the number of cells)  Hormones play a major role Survival Needs 1. Nutrients  Chemicals used for energy and cell building  Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals 2. Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions  Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems 3. Water  60 to 80 percent of body weight  The most abundant chemical in the human body  Provides a fluid base for body secretions and excretions 4. Normal body temperature

 37ºC (98.6ºF)  Below this temperature, chemical reactions slow and stop  Above this temperature, chemical reactions proceed too rapidly 5. Atmospheric pressure  Must be appropriate for gas exchange The Language of Anatomy Specialized terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding. Exact terms are used for:  Position  Direction  Regions  Structures Anatomical position  The standard body position used to avoid confusion  The terminology refers to this position regardless of actual body position  Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

Directional Terms

Directional terms - explain the location of one body structure in relation to another Superior (cranial or cephalic): toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (caudal): away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below Anterior (ventral): toward or at the front of the body; in front of Posterior (dorsal): toward or at the backside of the body; behind Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Superficial (external): toward or at the body surface Deep (internal): away from the body surface; more internal

B. You may visit this link for a video presentation of the directional terms: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQUMJ6Gh9Bw C. Practice Quiz. 1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate directional term to complete the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The heart is ____________ to the lungs. The mouth is ____________ to the nose. The thorax is ____________ to the abdomen. The sternum is ____________ to the heart. The ears are ____________ to the nose. The thumb is ____________ to the ring finger.

Regional Terms Anterior (ventral) body landmarks

Posterior (dorsal) body landmarks

B. Jingle Contest. Class is divided into 3 groups- each group will create a jingle utilizing the different directional terms and anatomical terms. C. Practice Quiz on Regional Terms. (Via Canvas)

Body Planes and Sections -Sections are cuts along imaginary lines known as planes Three types of planes or sections exist as of right angles to one another -A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts -A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts -A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts -A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities -Two internal body cavities  Dorsal  Ventral -Body cavities provide varying degrees of protection to organs within them.

Dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions 1. Cranial cavity  Houses the brain  Protected by the skull 2. Spinal cavity  Houses the spinal cord

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Protected by the vertebrae

Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm 1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity Thoracic cavity  Cavity superior to the diaphragm  Houses heart, lungs, and other organs  Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs  Protected by the rib cage

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Abdominopelvic cavity  Cavity inferior to the diaphragm  The superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs Protected only by trunk muscles  Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum Protected somewhat by the bony pelvis  No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities

Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions  Four quadrants  Nine regions

Other body cavities include:  Oral and digestive cavities  Nasal cavity  Orbital cavities  Middle ear cavities Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions  A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance  Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Main controlling systems  Nervous system  Endocrine system Homeostatic imbalance  A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease Maintaining Homeostasis All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three components: receptor, control center, and effector 1. Receptor  Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)  Sends information to control center along an afferent pathway 2. Control center

 Determines set point  Analyzes information  Determines appropriate response 3. Effector  Provides a means for a response to the stimulus  Information flows from the control center to effector along an efferent pathway

Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback  Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms  Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity  Works like a household thermostat Positive feedback  Rare in the human body  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther  A reaction occurs at a faster rate  In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

V. Assessments 1. Quiz 1- Canvas-based. 2. Chapter quiz – Canvas based. 3. Practice quiz: Body Orientation, Direction, Planes, and Sections Several incomplete statements are listed below. Correctly complete each statement by choosing the appropriate anatomical term from the key. Record the key terms on the correspondingly numbered blanks below. Key: anterior distal frontal inferior lateral medial posterior proximal sagittal superior transverse In the anatomical position, the umbilicus and knees are on the _____(1) body surface; the buttocks and shoulder blades are on the ______(2) body surface, and the soles of the feet are the most ______(3) part of the body. The ears are _____(4) and _____(5) to the shoulders and ______(6) to the nose. The breastbone is _____(7) to the vertebral column (spine) and ______(8) to the shoulders. The elbow is _____(9) to the shoulder but _______(10) to the fingers. The thoracic cavity is _____(11) to the abdominopelvic cavity and ______(12) to the spinal cavity. In humans, the ventral surface can also be called the ______(13) surface; however, in quadruped animals, the ventral surface is the ______(14) surface. If an incision cuts the brain into superior and inferior parts, the section is a _____(15) section; but if the brain is cut so that anterior and posterior portions result, the section is a ______(16) section. You are told to cut a dissection animal along two planes so that the lungs are observable in both sections. The two sections that meet this requirement are the _____(17) and _______(18) sections. 4. Critical Thinking Questions (Answer this using MS Word and submit your answers by e-mail and Canvas): a) Discuss what homeostasis means, and give examples of how this operates in your own bodies. b) Discuss a specific example of how the specific organ systems relate to each other to maintain the physical health of the human being.

c) Discuss how all bodily functions begin and start at the cellular level of organization. d) Compare the functions of the body’s two major cavities and relate these to the organs they contain. VI. Optional Activities/Resources A. Investigate Online.  Take learning a step further by searching for relevant research articles on the web. Visit science websites, such as those listed below, and begin by searching for key terms such as accident and trauma, abdominal cavity, abdominopelvic organs, and solid organ injury. o www.sciencedaily.com o www.scientificamerican.com o www.the-scientist.com o https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed o www.aaos.org

Write a learning feedback/reflection on how the articles you found on the web relates to what you have learned from the topic above. (at least two separate articles). (Submit output through e-mail and via canvas). B. You may visit the website below to learn more about -Organ Systems (Khan Academy, web education). This contains a video of organ functions within an organ system and how organ systems interact with one another. https://lol.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/body-structureandhomeostasis/v/organ-systems-bozeman

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Resources: Boore, J. Cook, C., & Shepherd, A. (2016). Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing Practice. Thousands Oak, California: SAGE Publications, Inc. Marieb, Elaine N. (2014). Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. (10th Edition). Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education, Inc. Peate, I. & Nair, M. (2017). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology : For Nursing and Healthcare Students. (2nd Edition). John Wiley & Sons: UK Rizzo, Donald C. (2016). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. (1 st Edition). Pasig City, Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Ptd Ltd. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1x94x1/ https://lol.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/body-structureandhomeostasis/v/organ-systems-bozeman...