Esquemas gramática B2 @opomaestra enproceso PDF

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Summary

English GrammarPRESENTSIMPLE -s Permanent situations. Routines. State general thoughts. Describe the plots of films and books. Don’t / doesn’t + verb ? Do/Does + S + V...?PRESENTCONTINUOUS Am / Is / Are + V -ing. Present moment. Suggest an action is temporary. Now, at the moment, at present, just. C...

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English Grammar

PRESENT SIMPLE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

+

-s

-

Don’t / doesn’t + verb

?

Do/Does + S + V...?

+

Am / Is / Are + V -ing.

?

Permanent situations. Routines. State general thoughts. Describe the plots of films and books. Present moment. Suggest an action is temporary.

Am not / isn’t / aren’t + V - Now, at the moment, at present, just. ing. Changing or developing situations. Am / Is / Are + S + V-ing?

Always or continually for criticise. Actions is begun but not finished.

+ PAST SIMPLE

PAST CONTINUOUS

-

ed

-

Didn’t + verb

?

Did + S + Verb?

+

Was / Were + V-ing.

-

Wasn’t / Weren’t + V-ing

Completed actions and event in the past. Sequence of actions. Permanent or long – term situations. Repeated events.

Activity beginning before a past action (past simple) and continuing until or after it. For two thing happening at the same time. Repeated events, with always.

?

Was / Were + S + V-ing?

For unfulfiled plans, with verbs: hope, plan... @opomaestra_enproceso

+

Have / Has + Past Participle

With since, or for. About a period of time which continues up to the present. With questions “how long”.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

-

Haven’t / hasn’t + Past Participle

In negative for unfinished actions and event. (still, yet).For events which happened in the past at a time which is irrelevant. For events that happened in the recent past (just).

?

Have / has + S + Past Participle?

When we talk about many times something has happened up to now. After a superlative.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+

Have / Has + been + V -ing

-

Haven’t / hasn’t + been + V -ing

?

Have / has + S + been + V -ing?

+

Had + Past Participle

-

Hadn’t + Past Participle

?

Had + S + Past Participle?

+

Had + been + V -ing

-

Hadn’t + been + V -ing

?

Had + S + been + V -ing

To talk about how long something has been happening. To focus on the activity or event itself, whether it is complete or not is unimportant.

When we are already talking about the past and want to make clear that we are referring back to an even early time. When one event happened before the other.

To emphasise a continuous activity or how long it continued. When we talk about how long something happened up to a point in the past. @opomaestra_enproceso

+

Used to + verb

Would + Verb

-

Didn’t use to + verb

Wouldn’t + Verb

USED TO + VERB

WOULD + VERB

BE USED TO + ING/ NOUN

GET USED TO + ING /NOUN

To talk about past hàbits when we are emphasising that they are not longer true. Would desccribe actions. Used to describe actions and states. Adverbs + used to...

?

Did + S + use to + V?

Would + S + V?

+

Be + used to + V-ing / noun

Get + used to + Ving/noun.

Be not + used to + Ving / noun

Get not + used to + Ving / noun

-

?

Be + S + used to + V -ing/noun?

Get + S + used to + V ing/noun?

Be used to: means be accoustomed to. Get used to: means gradually become accustomed to. Can be followed noun/pronoun.

by

-ing

or

Can be past, present or future.

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FUTURE PRESENT SIMPLE

FUTURE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

WILL FUTURE

GOING TO

+

-s

-

Don’t / doesn’t + verb

?

Do/Does + S + V...?

+

Am / Is / Are + V -ing.

-

Am not / isn’t / aren’t + V ing.

?

Am / Is / Are + S + V-ing?

+

Will + Verb

-

WAS/WERE GOING TO

For programmes For people if their plans are fixed by a timetable.

For plans which have already been arranged.

For decisions made at the moment of speaking. Is uncertain. With probably, maybe, think, expect and hope. For situations that we predict.

?

Will + S + Verb?

+

Am / is / are going to + verb

-

Am not / isn’t / aren’t going to + verb Am / is / are + S + going to + verb? Was/ Were + going to + verb Wasn’t / Weren’t + going to + verb Was / Were + S + going to + verb?

? FUTURE IN THE PAST

Won’t + Verb

For timetables (planes, buses, leaving or arriving)

+ ?

For something in the future which doesn’t depend on personal judgement.

For future actions which we have already decided about. To predict something when we already see evidence for our prediction.

To talk about something which was planned but didn’t hapen. To show that we don’t mind changing our plans. @opomaestra_enproceso

PRESENT In clauses referring to future time and TENSES beginning with WHEN, UNTIL, BEFORE, AFTER TIME AFTER, AS SOON AS... CONJUNCTIONS

+ FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

TO BE ABOUT TO

A present tense for ations at the same time as the other verb or following the other verb. The present perfect for actions completed before the other verb.

Will have + past participle.

-

Won’t have + past participle

?

Will + S + Have + Past Participle?

+

Will have been + V -ing.

-

Won’t have been + V -ing.

?

Will + S + Have been + V ing?

+

Am / is / are about to + verb

-

Am not / isn’t / aren’t + about to + verb

?

Am / is / are + S + About to + Verb?

To say that an action will be completed before a point of time in the future. It is usual to mention the point of time.

To emphasise how long an action will have lasted at a point in the future. It is necessary to mention the point of time and the length of time.

To talk about something which is going to happen almost immediately and for which we are already prepared. In informal Language, the negative means “do not intend to” do something.

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RULES AND OBLIGATION MUST

To give orders, for written notices or for strong advices, including ourselves . It is only used in present or future.

HAVE TO

For habits and when the obligation does not come from the speaker.

MUSTN’T

Don’t do it.

DON’T HAVE TO HAVE / HASN’T GOT TO SHOULD

It’s not necessary to do it. Use it in the speech and informal writing instead of have to. Refers to a particular action and when we refer to the past, we use had to. When we are talking about the right thing to do. To talk about the past, we use SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE. NECESSITY

NEED TO

In past form is needed to. ASKING FOR AND GIVING PERMISSION Can I…? Is a simple request, expect the answer yes.

CAN, COULD, MAY

Could I…? It is more polite. May I…? It is a more formal request, used for a strangers. Can be used in written notices to say what is or is not allowed. @opomaestra_enproceso

MAKING REQUESTS (TO ASK SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING) Can you…? CAN, WILL, COULD, WOULD

Informal conversations.

Will you…? Could you…?

More polite.

Would you…? Would you mind + v-ing…?

Very polite.

MAKING OFFERS

Can I help you to…? Shall we clean…? I can/could/ will lend you… Why don’t I…?

Would you like to…? MAKING SUGGESTIONS

Let’s + infinitive Shall I/we + infinitive….? Why don’t I/we/you + infinitive…? How about + v-ing…? What about + v-ing…? @opomaestra_enproceso

RULES AND OBLIGATION STRONGER

LESS STRONGER

MUST

HAD BETTER

Order

Advice

OUGHT TO SHOULD Advice

COULD Suggestion

For the negative we normally use had better not or shouldn’t. We don’t use mustn't or couldn’t when giving advice. For the past: SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE / OUGHT TO + PAST PARTICIPLE. To talk about the right thing to do: MUST, SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER. ABILITY CAN

BE ABLE TO (PRESENT FORMS) COULD BE ABLE TO (PAST FORMS) BE ABLE TO (OTHER TENSES)

To say that someone has the ability to do something. To talk about an ability in a general way. To talk about a situation which makes someone able to do something. To talk about someone’s ability in the past. To talk about a situation which made someone able to do something. For ability and situations which makes someone able to do something. Can is only used in the present tense, could only in the past tense. IN ALL OTHER TENSES WE USE BE ABLE TO. @opomaestra_enproceso

DEDUCTION: CERTAINTY AND POSSIBILITY. TRUE

CERTAINTY

NOT TRUE

MUST + INFINITIVE MAY

PRESENT

POSSIBILITY

MIGHT

+ INFINITIVE

MIGHT HAVE

POSSIBILITY

MAY HAVE

+ INFINITVE

+ INFINITVE MAY NOT

MUST HAVE + PAST PART.

PAST

COULDN’T MIGHT NOT

COULD

CERTAINTY

CAN’T

CAN’T HAVE COULDN’T HAVE

+ PAST PART.

MAY NOT HAVE + PAST PART.

+ PAST PART. MIGHT NOT HAVE

COULD HAVE

EXPECTATIONS SHOULD (NOT) + INFINITIVE SHOULD (NOT) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

When we expect something will happen. When we discover that a situation is not as we expected. When talk about a past situation.

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THE PASSIVE

We use it when we don’t know who or what did something. TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

The action is more important than who did it. It is obvious who or what did something. Can use BY + SUBJECT to show who/what did the action if this information is important.

TO GET/ HAVE SOMETHING DONE

When we ask someone else to do something for us, we use the structure HAVE SOMETHING DONE.

In informal speech, we often use get instead of have.

It is said that… It was believed that… IT IS SAID THAT

We often use IT + PASSIVE + THAT when It was agreed that… we report what people in general say or It has been announced that…. believe. It was thought that…. It’s reported that….

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RELATIVE CLAUSES

Tell us some essential information. May have WHO, THAT, WHICH as a subject or object.

We can omit the relative pronoun when it is the object. Are never separated from the rest of the sentences by commas.

Tell us some extra information. May have WHO, WHICH as a subject or object. We never omit the relative. Must be separated by commas.

WHOSE, WHOM, WHEN, WHERE AND WHY IN RELATIVE CLAUSES.

DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSES

Begin with whose (instead of her/his/their), when (for times) and where (for places). Begin with whom (for people) as a object of the clause.

DEFINING CLAUSES

Begin with why after the words “THE REASON” Often omit the words when and why, but not where.

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PREPOSITIONS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES.

When there is a preposition attached to a relative pronoun: We usually put the preposition at the end of the clause. In informal English, we can put it at the beginning followed by WHICH OR WHERE. We cannot use us that after a preposition in a relative clause. We can use preposition + which instead of where.

NUMBERS AND PRONOUNS + OF WHOM / OF WHICH All Non – defining relative clauses can start

Each Some

with a number or pronoun + of whom / of which.

+ of whom A few + of which.

Most Neither None

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REPORTED SPEECH

Could Would

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Present simple

Past Simple

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Past Simple

Past Perfect

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

Am / is / are going to

Was / Were going to

Will

Would

Can

Could

Might

Might

Must

Had to

Used to Must (deduction)

Should

Might

Mustn’t

Ough to

Don’t change.

If the reporting verb is in the present tense, we use the same tenses as the original speaker. If the reporting verb is in the past, we sometimes use the same tenses as the original speaker if the situation is still true. @opomaestra_enproceso

We mention the person spoken to. We can omit that.

Say

Is used without to and followed by the person spoken to. We VERBS FOR REPORTING

Tell

can omit that.

Verbs without that Verbs with that

Reminded me…

Informed me…

Persuaded me …

Warned us…

Mentioned to… that….

Complained to… that…

Pointed out that…

Explained to…that…

VERBS FOR

We usually report orders and

REPORTING WITH

requests by using TELL / ASK +

TO INFINITIVE

OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE. We can use:

Advised us to …

Promised to…

Offered to help…

Agreed to…

REPORTING

We use the word order. Question words keep in the reported speech. Yes/No questions are

QUESTIONS

reported with whether/if. Direct Speech

Yesterday REFERENCES TO TIME, PLACE, ETC.

Tomorrow

Now

That

Reported Speech The day before/ the previous day The next day/ the following day. Then/ right away / immediately

Direct Speech

Reported Speech That day/ the same

Today

day. The next week/the

Next week

Here

following week. There

That/the. @opomaestra_enproceso

CONDITIONALS IF + PRESENT TENSE, + CONSEQUENCE USING PRESENT ZERO CONDITIONAL We use this to state general truths. If means the same as when. IF + PRESENT TENSE, + CONSEQUENCE WILL. We use this for a condition which we believe is possible. FIRST CONDITIONAL

If doesn’t mean the same as when. Sometime we use the imperative followed by and

to express this kind of

condition. The imperative comes first. IF + PAST TENSE, + CONSEQUENCE USING WOULD + VERB. SECOND CONDITIONAL

We use this for an imaginary condition. We often use were instead of was in the IF clause. It is more formal and is used to give advice. IF + PAST PERFECT, + CONSEQUENCE USING WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

THIRD CONDITIONAL

To talk about past events which cannot be changed. Condition is impossible and consequence is imaginary. MIGHT / COULD can be used instead of WOULD.

MIXED CONDITIONALS

We sometimes meet sentences which contain a mixture of second and third conditional because of their particular context. @opomaestra_enproceso

CONJUCTIONS UNLESS

If NOT. Is used with the present tense to talk about a condition in the present or future. Shows that an action is taken to prepare for a possible event or situation.

IN CASE

Present tense: a present actions prepares us for a future event. Past simple: shows that you did something because another thing might happen later.

PROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT

These expression are used with a present tense to talk about the future. They have a similar meaning to IF:

AS/SO LONG AS IF, UNLESS, IN CASE, PROVIDED THAT, PROVIDING THAT, AS LONG AS, SO LONG AS, WHEN, UNTIL, AFTER, BEFORE, AS SOON AS… are followed by the present tense to talk about the future. OTHERWISE/ OR ELSE IT’S TIME WOULD RATHER (NOT)

Means “because If not” These expressions are followed by past simple with a present meaning. When the subject of would rather is the same as the following verb, we use infinitive without to. + Past simple: to express a wish about a present situation.

I WISH IF ONLY

+ Past Perfect: To express a wish or regret about the past. It’s like 3 rd conditional. + would: when we express a wish for something to happen now or in the future or someone to do something. @opomaestra_enproceso

QUESTIONS

We put the auxiliary verb before its subject. Present simple: DO/DOES. MAKING YES/NO QUESTIONS

Past simple: DID.

Negative questions express surprise.

To be: Before subject. Modals verbs: Before subject.

SHORT ANSWERS FOR YES/NO.

Using the same auxiliary or modal verb

When we use WHAT, WHICH, WHO, to make questions about the subject of the verb, we don’t change the word order. MAKING QUESTIONS WITH QUESTIONS WORDS

In a subject question WHO is always followed by a singular verb. When we use WHAT, WHICH OR WHO, to make question about the object, we change the word order.

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QUESTION TAGS With do/does/did for all verbs in present or past simple, To be: question tag in verb to be. If the statement is positive, the tag is NEGATIVE.

With the same auxiliary or modal as in the statement for verbs in other sentences.

If the statement is negative, the tag is negative The question tag for I AM is AREN’T. The question tag for I’M NOT is AM I. The question tag for LET’S is SHALL WE. Uses: To check that what we have just said is true and to ask for information. AGREEING WITH STATEMENTS

With the verb to be or with a modal:

With an auxiliary verb

He was really angry

So was I

I went to Spain last year

So did they.

He can’t speak French

Nor can we

I don’t want to have a fight about it

Neither do I. @opomaestra_enproceso

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

ONE SYLLABE

-er

TWO SYLLABE

Drop -y and add -ier

Drop -y and add More: Comparative + than....

More + adjective

Most + adjective

Good

Better

Best

Bad

Worse

Worst

Far

Farther

Farthest

MORE.

ADJECTIVES

B / D/ G/ N/ P. DOUBLE THE LAST LETTER

iest

TH...