Exam 1 Study Guide FA 2020 with the love PDF

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this is an exam 1 study guide. exam 2 is in the making. exam 3 will then be next. and then you will finish with exam 4...

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P101 Study Guide for Exam 1 There will be between 75 multiple-choice questions over items on this review sheet and 5 extra credit questions over the supplemental readings. Remember to review the released power points, PsychSim 6 assignments, activities under simulations and demonstrations and the supplemental readings. The Learning Curve Questions are particularly helpful. Use the materials from Launchpad for review especially the learning curve questions and the Concept Practice simulations. Re-watching the Psychsim activities will also help. The chapters covered include Chapters 1, 2, and Appendix A. Study Guide for Chapter 1 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

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Early disagreements over the content of psychological study (consciousness vs. behavior vs. unconscious etc… The views of Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, and G. Fechner Descartes: Interactive Dualism. Nature-nurture issue Role of physiology, and biology to the study of psychology. The contributions of Franz Gall, Paul Broca and P. Flourens. Wilhelm Wundt – his contributions and the focus of his research. His view of psychology. Titchener and the use of introspection; structuralism William James – functionalism John B. Watson – behaviorism; B.F Skinner – Operant Conditioning Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalysis Humanistic Psychology – Rogers and Maslow Perspectives in Psychology: biological, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic, positive, evolutionary, socio-cultural, and biopsychosocial. Collectivist vs. Individualistic cultures Specialty areas in psychology. Most common specialty area in psychology Clinical Psychologists vs. Psychiatrist Basic goals of Psychology Empirical evidence, critical thinking. Operational definition, hypothesis, theory. Descriptive methods; case study, naturalistic observation, participant observation, and surveys. Experimental Method, scientific method: independent and dependent variables, confounding variables, single and double-blind studies, demand characteristics, random assignment, control group and experimental group. A lot of questions in which you will need to identify these concepts in experiments used as examples in the question. Subject selection; random sampling, representative samples Goals of the experimental method: cause-effect relationships Correlational studies; positive and negative correlations, correlation coefficient. Importance of replication of research Placebo effect APA research code of ethics, informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing and voluntary participation. From Appendix A: Descriptive Statistics – review the power points I placed in Psych Portal and Appendix A. Mean, Median, Mode, and Standard Deviation. Correlational Studies.

Chapter 2: Neuroscience Exam Review Sheet ❖ EEG, CAT scan, PET scans, MRI, fMRI: how do they work and what type of information is given about the brain. ❖ Neurons – what are they? Where are they found? What are the three types of neurons? What is the most common type? Do all neurons look alike? ❖ Sensory vs. motor neurons. ❖ 3 types of Glia cells and their function ❖ Parts of the neuron – cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axons, terminal buttons, synaptic vesicles, functions and characteristics – you will have a diagram in which to identify the parts of the neuron. ❖ Myelin- its impact on axonal transmission ❖ Nodes of Ranvier – where? What happens there? ❖ How neural messages travels ❖ Action potential – what is it? How does a cell build a charge? Polarization, depolarization, refractory period, hyperpolarization, repolarization? ❖ How are sodium and potassium related to creating action potentials? Role of positive and negative ions? Role of sodium and potassium channels. Role of calcium ions in the release of neurotransmitters at synapse ❖ Resting potential. How many millivolts? ❖ Stimulus threshold ❖ Charges across the cell membrane before depolarization - + and – ions involved. ❖ Axon membrane as then gatekeeper of the ions. ❖ All-or-nothing principle ❖ What two things affect the speed of the action potential down the neuron? ❖ Synaptic transmission – what is a synapse? ❖ Presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons ❖ The reuptake system ❖ Neurotransmitters and receptor sites – how do they work? ❖ Excitatory and inhibitory messages – how do they affect the neuron. ❖ Effects of neurotransmitters depend on ….? ❖ Major neurotransmitters: Dopamine, Ach, Serotonin, Oxytocin, Norepinephrine, GABA, Endorphins, Substance P. What happens if these chemicals are in excess or depleted? ❖ Role of serotonin and norepinephrine on aggression. ❖ How does Prozac work? ❖ L-dopa and Parkinson’s Disease ❖ Three ways drugs affect the synapse: Agonist and Antagonist. ❖ Two ways neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse ❖ Main divisions of the nervous system ❖ Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nervous system. ❖ Autonomic vs somatic nervous system ❖ Endocrine system- what links the nervous system to the endocrine system ❖ Role of hormones ❖ Pituitary gland, adrenal medulla

❖ Major principles of neuroscience: Localization of Function, Language dominance in the Left Hemisphere, Contralateral function, Functional and Structural Plasticity, and Neurogenesis. ❖ Contributions of: Franz Gall, Paul Broca, Karl Wernicke, and Roger Sperry. ❖ Phrenology ❖ EEG, CAT scan, PET scans, MRI, fMRI: how do they work and what type of information is given about the brain. ❖ Brain as an integrated system. ❖ Ventricles ❖ White matter vs. Grey matter ❖ Different lobes and brain structures and their functions. You will need to identify the lobes, interior structures (pons, medulla, cerebellum, corpus callosum, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, auditory cortex, Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area on a diagram of the brain. ❖ Somatosensory, auditory, visual, motor cortices – functions ❖ Significance of Broca and Wernicke’s research. ❖ Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area and the Angular Gyrus ❖ Function of the Association zones (areas). ❖ Limbic system: functions and parts ❖ Story of Phineas Gage ❖ Split brain operations: why is it done? ❖ Behavior of a split-brain patient in typical lab: what happens when words or pictures are flashed to either visual field? ❖ Facial recognition – which hemispheres. ❖ Roger Sperry’ research on split brain patients. ❖ What is structural plasticity: how does age affect plasticity? ❖ Relationship between the environment and brain development. ❖ Relationship between early experience and brain chemistry?. ❖ Parkinson ’s disease and Epilepsy; neurotransmitters involved and symptoms. ❖ Review the supplemental readings. There will be five extra-credit questions from the readings and some questions in the body of the exam....