Exam 2018, questions and answers PDF

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Alison Thompson ...

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

a 1) What is NOT a function of the nervous system? A) direct long-term functions such as growth B) control effectors C) integrate sensory information D) sense the internal and external environments

1)

2) Which of the following are organs of the central nervous system? A) brain and spinal cord B) spinal cord and spinal nerves C) brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and spinal nerves D) brain and cranial nerves

2)

3) The two structural divisions of the nervous system are the: A) sensory division and motor division. B) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. C) visceral motor division and somatic motor division. D) somatic sensory division and visceral sensory system.

3)

4) Upon entering your house, you noticed the smell of cake baking in the oven. What division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible? A) somatic sensory division B) visceral motor division C) visceral sensory division D) somatic motor division

4)

5)

s system division is responsible for the integration of sensory information? A) somatic motor division B) peripheral nervous system C) central nervous system D) visceral motor division

5)

6)

the following is controlled by the somatic motor division? A) smooth muscle B) skeletal muscle C) cardiac muscle

6)

a

b

a

c

b

D) glands

c 7) S ensed a mosquito land on her arm and swatted it away with her hand. Which specific PNS division was responsible for the movement of Sarah's hand? A) somatic sensory division B) autonomic nervous system C) somatic motor division D) visceral sensory division

7)

8)

8)

c mic nervous system does NOT carry signals to: A) glands. B) smooth muscle. C) skeletal muscle.

D) cardiac muscle.

d 9) Which of the following is NOT a function of neurons? A) integration B) carrying sensory information C) transmitting motor information D) forming the myelin sheath

9)

c 10) What part of the neuron is a process that can generate and conduct action potentials? A) neurofibril B) dendrite C) axon D) cell body

1

10)

11) Branches that may occur along an axon are called: A) hillocks. B) dendrites.

11) C) telodendria.

d

D) collaterals.

b 12)

st metabolically active part of a neuron? A) axon hillock B) cell body C) axon

12) D) dendrites

13) What specific part of the neuron communicates with a target cell and serves as the secretory region of the cell? A) dendrites B) cell body C) myelin sheath D) axon terminals (synaptic knobs)

13)

14) The f the neuron is the: A) cell body. C) axon terminals (synaptic knobs).

14)

d

d

B) dendrites. D) axon.

a 15) The most common type of neuron in the human body is: A) multipolar. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) pseudounipolar.

15)

16) Wh ing best describes a bipolar neuron? A) one axon and one dendrite B) multiple axons and one dendrite C) one axon that splits into two processes D) one axon and multiple, highly branched dendrites

16)

17) What type of neuron, found within the CNS, performs the job of information processing? A) interneurons (association neurons) B) motor (efferent) neurons C) bipolar neurons D) sensory (afferent) neurons

17)

18) Bundles of axons known as tracts are part of the: A) peripheral nervous system. C) myelin sheath.

18)

a

a

b

B) central nervous system. D) ganglion.

19) Which neuroglial cell helps form the blood-brain barrier? A) satellite cell B) ependymal cell C) oligodendrocyte D) astrocyte

19)

20) Because of their ability to rapidly divide during brain injury, which type of neuroglial cell would be more likely to form a brain tumor? A) ependymal cell B) oligodendrocyte C) Schwann cell D) astrocyte

20)

21)

21)

pendymal cells: A) help form the blood-brain barrier. B) circulate cerebrospinal fluid. C) serve as wandering phagocytes during brain injury. D) form myelin in the brain and spinal cord.

2

d

d

b

22) Which of the following is an effect of myelination? A) Myelination increases the rate of mitosis in damaged neurons. B) Myelination increases the speed of conduction of action potentials. C) Myelination increases the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in circulation. D) Myelination increases the rate at which phagocytosis occurs in the brain.

22)

23) Myelinated axons in the CNS are known as: A) gray matter. B) dark matter.

23) C) internodes.

b

d

D) white matter.

24) Within the PNS, a neuron will regenerate only if: A) scar tissue is removed by phagocytosis. B) the cell body remains intact. C) the neuron was myelinated. D) the surrounding neuroglia regenerate first.

24)

b

c is the primary factor in the maintenance of a cell's negative charge during resting membrane potential? A) voltage-gated channels B) ligand-gated channels C) leak channels D) sodium-potassium pump

25)

c

26) Resting membrane potential is maintained by the sodium-potassium ion pump, or Na +/K+ ATPase, which brings: A) three potassium ions into the cytosol and two sodium ions into the extracellular fluid. B) two potassium ions into the cytosol and two sodium ions into the extracellular fluid. C) two potassium ions into the cytosol and three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid. D) three potassium ions into the cytosol and three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.

26)

27) What specific type of gated channel opens or closes in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface, such as vibrations or pressure? A) chemically-gated B) mechanically-gated C) ligand-gated D) voltage-gated

27)

28) What type of ion channel in neurons is always open? A) local B) regulated C) active

28)

b

d D) leak

c a resting axon increases its permeability to sodium ions: A) the membrane potential will repolarize. B) the outward movement of sodium ions will decrease. C) the influx of sodium ions will increase and the membrane will depolarize. D) the membrane potential will hyperpolarize.

29)

b 30) The influx of positive charges makes the membrane potential more positive and is known as: A) polarization. B) depolarization. C) hyperpolarization. D) repolarization.

30)

31) A series o a voltmeter show a neuron's membrane potential becoming more negative, from - 70 mV to - 85 mV. This neuron is experiencing a: A) repolarization phase. B) hyperpolarization phase. C) depolarization phase. D) polarization phase.

31)

b

3

32) Graded potentials: A) produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface. B) produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation. C) may cause either depolarization or hyperpolarization. D) cause repolarization.

32)

33) Using the this neuron?

33)

c

a ided in this graph, which statement best summarizes the activity in

A) The cell gains positive charges, making the inside less negative. B) The cell gains chloride ions, making the cell hyperpolarize. C) The cells gains negative charges, making the inside more negative. D) Positive charges are lost from the cell, making the inside more negative.

a 34) What is more likely to promote an action potential? A) depolarization C) hyperpolarization

34) B) repolarization D) absolute refractory period

35) Which statement best describes the all-or-none principle? A) All neurons conduct an action potential together, or none do. B) An action potential happens completely, or it doesn't happen at all. C) All voltage-gated sodium channels will open or none will open. D) Local, or graded, potentials will always become action potentials.

35)

36) What membrane potential must generally be met in order to achieve threshold? A) -30 mV B) - 70 mV C) - 85 mV D) - 55 mV

36)

37) Repolarization begins as: A) voltage-gated sodium ion channels activate. B) voltage-gated potassium ion channels activate. C) voltage-gated potassium ion channels begin to close. D) sodium ions follow their electrochemical gradient into the cell.

37)

38) During repolarization of a neuron: A) potassium ions move into the cell. C) potassium ions move out of the cell.

38)

b

d

B) sodium ions move out of the cell. D) sodium ions move into the cell.

4

b

c

39) Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and: A) a swinging gate. B) an inactivation gate. C) a threshold gate. D) a leak gate.

39)

40) Place these steps of the action potential in the correct order. 1. Sodium ions channels return to the resting state and repolarization continues. 2. Voltage-gated sodium ion channels activate, sodium ions enter, and the axon section depolarizes. 3. As potassium ion channels return to resting state, the axolemma may hyperpolarize before returning to the resting membrane potential. 4. A local potential depolarizes the axolemma of the trigger zone to threshold. 5. Sodium ion channels inactivate, and voltage-gated potassium ion channels activate, so sodium ions stop entering and potassium ions leave, beginning repolarization. A) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 B) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 C) 4, 2, 5, 1, 3 D) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5

40)

41) Which number on the graph represents when voltage-gated sodium channels are open?

41)

d

c

c

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

5

D) 4

42) Which area on the graph shows when the neuron is in the relative refractory period?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

42)

D) 4

43) During the absolute refractory period: A) a strong stimulus can produce an action potential. B) each stimulus produces an action potential. C) sodium ion channels are in their resting state (closed). D) no additional stimulus, no matter how strong, can produce an additional action potential.

43)

44) Voltage-gated sodium channels are activated: A) during hyperpolarization. B) only if the cell is depolarized to threshold. C) during repolarization. D) after voltage-gated potassium channels are activated.

44)

45) When is the generation of an action potential impossible, no matter the strength of the stimulus? A) threshold B) depolarization C) absolute refractory period D) relative refractory period

45)

46) Saltatory conduction occurs: A) when threshold has not yet been reached. C) in gray matter.

46) B) when myelin sheaths are present. D) when myelin sheaths are absent.

47) Determine the fiber type in which propagation of an action potential will occur most quickly. A) myelinated type B fiber B) type C fiber C) unmyelinated type B fiber D) myelinated type A fiber

6

47)

a 48) Which type of fiber has the largest diameter? A) type A B) type B

48) C) type C

49) The majority of synapses in the nervous system are: A) voltage. B) electrical. C) mechanical.

D) type D 49)

d

D) chemical.

a 50) The presence of a synaptic cleft between cells is characteristic of: A) chemical synapse. B) electrical synapse. C) both chemical and electrical synapses. D) neither chemical nor electrical synapses.

50)

51) Th hat receives neurotransmitters from another neuron is called: A) the postsynaptic neuron. B) the presynaptic neuron. C) a Schwann cell. D) an oligodendrocyte.

51)

52) What is NOT associated with a chemical synapse? A) neurotransmitter C) synaptic cleft

52)

a

b

B) presynaptic neuron D) gap junction

53) What type of synapse must have receptors to transmit signals? A) electrical synapse B) chemical synapse D) neither chemical nor electrical synapses C) both chemical and electrical synapses

53)

54) What ion triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft? A) calcium B) chlorine C) magnesium D) sodium

54)

55) If the receptor site for a neurotransmitter were completely blocked: A) a weaker action potential would result. B) synaptic transmission would fail. C) the presynaptic neuron would release a different neurotransmitter. D) neurotransmitter release would stop.

55)

56) Which of the following must happen first in the order events at a chemical synapse? A) Calcium ions cause synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. B) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. C) Ion channels respond to the neurotransmitter and lead to a local potential, or possibly an action potential. D) Calcium ion channels in the axon terminal open.

56)

57) W g moves the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron closer to threshold? A) hyperpolarization B) opening of potassium ion channels C) excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) D) inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

57)

58) What woul n inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)? A) opening of potassium ion channels B) opening of calcium ion channels C) closure of chloride ion channels D) opening of sodium ion channels

58)

b

a d

d

c

a

7

59) A local hyperpolarization that makes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron more negative is: A) a temporal stimulus. B) an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). C) a saltatory stimulus. D) an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

59)

60) Which ate the effects of the neurotransmitter? A) degradation of the neurotransmitter by enzymes B) presence of calcium ions in the presynaptic neuron C) reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron D) diffusion of the neurotransmitter into the extracellular fluid

60)

61) When a second excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what results? A) inhibition of the impulse B) hyperpolarization C) temporal summation D) spatial summation

61)

62) Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated: A) impulse transmission. B) spatial summation. C) hyperpolarization. D) temporal summation.

62)

63) The same ________ can have different effects depending on the properties of the ________. A) hormone; neurotransmitter B) substrate; enzyme C) receptor; neurotransmitter D) neurotransmitter; receptor

63)

64) Neurotransmitters that bind ionotropic receptors control: A) some metabolic process inside the postsynaptic neuron. B) the formation of a second messenger inside the postsynaptic neuron. C) the activation of G-proteins inside the postsynaptic neuron. D) the movement of ions into or out of the postsynaptic neuron.

64)

65) Cholinergic synapses use the neurotransmitter: A) serotonin. C) epinephrine.

65)

b

b

c

b

d

d

d

B) norepinephrine. D) acetylcholine.

66) After acetylcholinesterase (AChE) acts, the presynaptic neuron: A) reabsorbs the acetate. B) reabsorbs the choline. C) reabsorbs synaptic vesicles. D) reabsorbs acetylcholine.

66)

67) Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain? A) GABA B) dopamine C) glycine D) glutamate

67)

68) Which neuropeptide neurotransmitter is released from fibers transmitting sensory information about pain and temperature? A) neuropeptide Y B) opioids C) endorphin D) substance P

68)

69) Where are neuronal pools located? A) within nerves B) within ganglia

69) C) within the PNS 8

D) within the CNS

b

d d

d

c 70) Neu e collections of: A) bipolar neurons. C) interneurons. 71) W

70) B) motor neurons. D) efferent neurons.

bes a converging circuit? A) One neuron communicates with multiple parts of the brain. B) One axon of an input neuron branches to make contact with multiple postsynaptic neurons. C) An increasing number of neurons are excited down the pathway of the circuit. D) Axon terminals from multiple input neurons join onto a single postsynaptic neuron.

71)

d

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 72) The sensory, or afferent, division of the peripheral nervous system carries information from the brain and spinal cord to effector organs.

72)

f t

73) The autonomic nervous system carries signals to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

73)

t 74) Neurons are responsible for sending and receiving signals referred to as action potentials while neuroglial cells serve a variety of supportive functions.

74)

75) Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite.

75)

76) The conduction of an action potential is faster in unmyelinated axons than in myelinated axons.

76)

t f t 77) Regeneration of neural tissue in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is possible only if the neuron's cell body remains intact.

77)

78) During depolarization, the membrane potential becomes more positive.

78)

79) During the absolute refractory period, production of an additional action potential is not possible no matter how strong the stimulus.

79)

t

80) Saltatory conduction is slow due to the presence of insulating myelin around an axon.

80)

81) Conduction speed of a nerve impulse is influenced by the diameter of the axon and the presence or absence of a myelin sheath.

81)

82) Electrical synapses are faster than chemical synapses due to the presence of gap junctions between cells.

82)

83) Calcium ion entry into the axon terminal is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft in a chemical synapse.

83)

84) Neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor present on the postsynaptic neuron.

84)

85) The two types of neural circuits are diverging and converging.

85)

t f t

t t t t

9

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following conditions to these phases of membrane potential. 86) Loss of positive charges (or gain of negative charges) mak...