Gramatika - Engleski jezik I II i III PDF

Preview

Summary

Ivana Đokić Marija Boranijašević Learn and Practice Your ENGLISH GRAMMAR 2011 1 LEARN AND PRACTICE YOUR ENGLISH GRAMMAR Ivana Đokić Marija Boranijašević Recenzent: dr Dragana Spasić Izdavač: Visoka poslovna škola strukovnih studija Blace Za izdavača: dr Ružica Stanković, direktor Tehnička priprema: ...

Description

Ivana Đokić

Marija Boranijašević

Learn and Practice Your

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2011 1

LEARN AND PRACTICE YOUR ENGLISH GRAMMAR Ivana Đokić Marija Boranijašević Recenzent: dr Dragana Spasić Izdavač: Visoka poslovna škola strukovnih studija Blace Za izdavača: dr Ružica Stanković, direktor Tehnička priprema: Bojan Vasović Tiraž 500 Štampa "SIGRAF PLUS", Kruševac

Odlukom Saveta Visoke poslovne škole strukovnih studija Blace knjiga LEARN AND PRACTICE YOUR ENGLISH GRAMMAR smatra se udžbenikom Visoke poslovne škole strukovnih studija i odobrava se za upotrebu.

Sva prava zadržana. Ni jedan deo ove knjige ne može biti reprodukovan, presnimavan ili prenošen bilo kojim sredstvom, elektronskim, mehaničkim, za kopiranje, za snimanje, ili na bilo koji drugi način bez prethodne saglasnosti Izdavača.

ISBN 978-86-7544-084-0

2

PREDGOVOR Ova gramatika engleskog jezika sa vežbanjima nastala je kao rezultat potrebe za pomoćnim gramatičkim udžbenikom u nastavi engleskog jezika na Visokoj poslovnoj školi strukovnih studija u Blacu. Prvenstveno je namenjena studentima, ali i svima onima koji žele da prošire i utvrde svoja znanja iz oblasti gramatike engleskog jezika. Udžbenik obiluje gramatičkim vežbanjima čija su rešenja data na kraju knjige, pa samim tim nudi mogućnosti provere stečenog znanja. Udžbenik je rezultat višegodišnjeg iskustva autora u izvođenju nastave engleskog jezika. Cilj ove gramatike sa vežbanjima koja je napisana dvojezično, na engleskom i srpskom jeziku, je da omogući studentima da što lakše usvoje englesku terminologiju sa jedne strane i obezbedi im lakše razumevanje pravila gramatike engleskog jezika sa druge strane. Poglavlja: I Članovi, II Imenice, IV Pridevi za količinu, VII Predlozi, X Buduća vremena, XI Zapovedni način, XII Modalni glagoli, XVI Slaganje vremena, XVII Indirektni govor, XVIII Uslovne rečenice i XIX „Zar ne?“ pitanja pripremila je Marija Boranijašević, dok je Ivana Đokić sastavila poglavlja: III Zamenice, IV Pridevi, V Prilozi i priloški izrazi, VI Brojevi, VIII Sadašnja vremena, IX Prošla vremena, XIII Infinitiv, XIV Gerund, XV Pasiv, XX Odnosne rečenice, kao i Obnavljanje vremena i listu nepravilnih glagola. Autori

3

CONTENTS SADRŽAJ

I ARTICLES ...............................................................................13 ČLANOVI

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN) ..........................................13 NEODREĐENI ČLAN (A/AN)

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) ................................................16 ODREĐENI ČLAN (THE)

OMISSION OF ARTICLES............................................................21 IZOSTAVLJANJE ČLANA

EXERCISES .....................................................................................24 VEŽBANJA

II NOUNS ....................................................................................27 IMENICE

KINDS OF NOUNS..........................................................................27 VRSTE IMENICA

THE USAGE OF CAPITAL LETTERS ........................................28 UPOTREBA VELIKOG SLOVA

GENDER OF NOUNS......................................................................30 ROD IMENICA

NUMBER OF NOUNS.....................................................................33 BROJ IMENICA

PLURAL OF NOUNS ......................................................................33 MNOŽINA IMENICA

REGULAR PLURAL.......................................................................34 PRAVILNA MNOŽINA

IRREGULAR PLURAL ..................................................................38 NEPRAVILNA MNOŽINA

4

PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS .............................................44 MNOŽINA SLOŽENIH IMENICA

EXERCISES .....................................................................................45 VEŽBANJA

III PRONOUNS ..........................................................................47 ZAMENICE PERSONAL PRONOUNS ...............................................................48 LIČNE ZAMENICE

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.........................49 PRISVOJNE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES .............51 POKAZNE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ..............52 UPITNE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI

RELATIVE PRONOUNS................................................................53 ODNOSNE/RELATIVNE ZAMENICE

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES .........................55 NEODREĐENE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI

COMPOUND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ....................................57 SLOŽENE NEODREĐENE ZAMENICE

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS .............................................................58 POVRATNE ZAMENICE

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS..........................................................60 UZAJAMNO - POVRATNE ZAMENICE

EXERCISES .....................................................................................61 VEŽBANJA

IV ADJECTIVES .......................................................................67 PRIDEVI ADJECTIVE ORDER......................................................................69 REDOSLED PRIDEVA

- ED OR – ING ADJECTIVES .......................................................70 - ED ILI – ING PRIDEVI

5

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES................................................71 POREĐENJE PRIDEVA

IRREGULAR COMPARISON .......................................................74 NEPRAVILNO POREĐENJE

COMPARISON WITH LESS AND THE LEAST ........................75 POREĐENJE SA LESS I THE LEAST

EXERCISES .....................................................................................76 VEŽBANJA

QUANTIFIERS ................................................................................81 PRIDEVI ZA KOLIČINU

EXERCISES .....................................................................................89 VEŽBANJA

V ADVERBIALS ........................................................................93 PRILOZI I PRILOŠKI IZRAZI

ADVERBIALS OF MANNER ........................................................94 PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA NAČIN

ADVERBIALS OF PLACE.............................................................95 PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA MESTO

ADVERBIALS OF TIME................................................................96 PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA VREME

ADVERBIALS OF DEGREE..........................................................96 PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA STEPEN

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS......................................................97 POREĐENJE PRILOGA

EXERCISES .....................................................................................100 VEŽBANJA

VI CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS ........................103 OSNOVNI I REDNI BROJEVI EXERCISES .....................................................................................106 VEŽBANJA

6

VII PREPOSITIONS .................................................................109 PREDLOZI

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE .........................................................109 PREDLOZI ZA MESTO

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME ............................................................116 PREDLOZI ZA VREME

SOME OTHER USEFUL PREPOSITIONS .................................122 NEKI DRUGI KORISNI PREDLOZI

EXERCISES .....................................................................................125 VEŽBANJA

VIII PRESENT TENSES...........................................................129 SADAŠNJA VREMENA

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE..................................................129 PREZENT

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ......................................133 TRAJNI PREZENT

EXERCISES .....................................................................................136 VEŽBANJA

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE...............................................139 SADAŠNJI PERFEKAT

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE...................144 SADAŠNJI TRAJNI PERFEKAT

EXERCISES .....................................................................................146 VEŽBANJA

IX PAST TENSES ......................................................................149 PROŠLA VREMENA THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE ..........................................................149 PROŠLO VREME

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ..............................................153 PROŠLO TRAJNO VREME

7

EXERCISES .....................................................................................155 VEŽBANJA

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE.......................................................157 PLUSKVAMPERFEKAT

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE...........................159 TRAJNI PLUSKVAMPERFEKAT

EXERCISES .....................................................................................161 VEŽBANJA

IX FUTURE TENSES ................................................................163 BUDUĆA VREMENA THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE....................................................163 BUDUĆE PROSTO VREME

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................................166 BUDUĆE TRAJNO VREME

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.................................................167 BUDUĆI PERFEKAT

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE.....................168 BUDUĆI TRAJNI PERFEKAT

GOING TO........................................................................................170 GOING TO KONSTRUKCIJA

BE TO + INFINITIVE .....................................................................172 BE TO + INFINITIVE KONSTRUKCIJA

THE PRESENT TENSES EXPRESSING FUTURE ....................173 UPOTREBA SADAŠNJIH VREMENA ZA IZRAŽAVANJE BUDUĆNOSTI

EXERCISES .....................................................................................176 VEŽBANJA

TENSE REVIEW .............................................................................180 OBNAVLJANJE VREMENA

XI THE IMPERATIVE MOOD ...............................................185 ZAPOVEDNI NAČIN

EXERCISES .....................................................................................187 VEŽBANJA

8

XII MODAL VERBS..................................................................189 MODALNI GLAGOLI

EXERCISES .....................................................................................204 VEŽBANJA

XIII THE INFINITIVE .............................................................207 INFINITIV

INFINITIVE FORMS ......................................................................207 OBLICI INFINITIVA

INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS .............................................................209 FUNKCIJE INFINITIVA

USE OF THE BARE INFINITIVE.................................................212 UPOTREBA KRNJEG INFINITIVA

XIV THE GERUND ...................................................................215 GERUND

GERUND VS INFINITIVE .............................................................219 GERUND ILI INFINITIV

EXERCISES .....................................................................................221 VEŽBANJA

XV THE PASSIVE VOICE .......................................................227 PASIV

USE OF THE PASSIVE VOICE ....................................................230 UPOTREBA PASIVA

EXERCISES .....................................................................................232 VEŽBANJA

XVI THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES ........................................239 SLAGANJE VREMENA

EXERCISES .....................................................................................242 VEŽBANJA

9

XVII REPORTED SPEECH .....................................................245 INDIREKTNI GOVOR

INDIRECT STATEMENTS............................................................245 INDIREKTNE IZJAVNE REČENICE

INDIRECT QUESTIONS................................................................251 INDIREKTNA PITANJA

INDIRECT COMMANDS...............................................................254 INDIREKTNI IMPERATIV

EXERCISES .....................................................................................256 VEŽBANJA

XVIII CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.....................................261 USLOVNE REČENICE

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (TYPE 1)........................................261 PRVI KONDICIONAL (TIP 1)

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (TYPE 2)...................................263 DRUGI KONDICIONAL (TIP 2)

THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (TYPE 3) ......................................264 TREĆI KONDICIONAL (TIP 3)

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (MIXED TYPE) .........................266 USLOVNE REČENICE (MEŠOVITI TIP)

EXERCICES.....................................................................................268 VEŽBANJA

IX QUESTION TAGS................................................................273 „ZAR NE?“ PITANJA

EXERCISES .....................................................................................279 VEŽBANJA

XX RELATIVE CLAUSES .......................................................281 ODNOSNE REČENICE

DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ......284 ODREĐENE I NEODREĐENE ODNOSNE REČENICE

10

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ...............................................285 ODREĐENE ODNOSNE REČENICE

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES.....................................285 NEODREĐENE ODNOSNE REČENICE

EXERCISES .....................................................................................286 VEŽBANJA

IRREGULAR VERBS .....................................................................289 NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI

KEY TO EXERCISES .................................................................295 REŠENJA VEŽBANJA

BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................313 LITERATURA

11

12

I ARTICLES ČLANOVI

There are two kinds of articles in English: the indefinite article (a/an) and definite article (the). Nouns in English can occur with an indefinite article, definite article or with no article. Postoje dve vrste članova u engleskom jeziku: neodređeni član (a/an) i određeni član (the). Imenice u engleskom jeziku mogu stajati sa neodređenim članom, određenim članom ili bez člana.

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN) NEODREĐENI ČLAN (A/AN) The indefinite article is used before singular countable nouns. A is used before nouns that begin with a consonant. An is used before nouns beginning with a vowel. Neodređeni član stoji ispred brojivih imenica u jednini. A stoji ispred imenica koje počinju suglasnikom. An stoji ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom.

For example (na primer): a table, a picture, a radio but (ali): an apple, an umbrella, an egg Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! The usage of the indefinite article (a/an) depends on the pronunciation of the noun. We take into account the sound of the first letter of a noun, not the writing! Upotreba neodređenog člana (a/an) zavisi od izgovora imenice. Uzimamo u obzir glas prvog slova u imenici, a ne samo slovo! 13

a university

a one-year-old boy

but (ali): an hour

an MP

The indefinite article is used with a countable noun in singular when this noun is mentioned for the first time and we give no extra information: Neodređeni član stoji sa brojivom imenicom u jednini kada se ova imenica pominje prvi put i ne dajemo nikakvu dodatnu informaciju:

There is a book on the shelf. I see a boy in the street. However, if we want to add some extra information, the indefinite article is transformed into the definite article. Ipak, ukoliko želimo da ponudimo neku dodatnu informaciju, neodređeni član prelazi u određeni član.

There is a book on the shelf. The book is very old. I see a boy in the street. The boy is playing with a ball. The indefinite article is also used in the following situations: Neodređeni član se takođe koristi u sledećim situacijama:

1. With the meaning one: U značenju jedan:

I have two sisters and a brother. It won’t be a minute. I can’t say a word.

14

2. After the expressions like: there is, there was, there will be etc: Nakon izraza kao što su: there is, there was, there will be itd:

There is an apple in the bowl. Ther is a glass of juice on the table. There is a flower in the vase. 3. Before nouns expressing professions: Ispred imenica koje označavaju profesiju:

My neighbour is a writer. My brother’s wife is an engineer. John is a doctor. 4. Before nouns expressing species: Ispred imenica koje označavaju vrstu:

A tiger is an animal. A rose is a flower. A noun is a word. The indefinite article never occurs with: Neodređeni član nikada ne stoji uz:

a) nouns in plural (imenice u množini) dogs, windows, sheep, phenomena, media etc. b) uncountable nouns (nebrojive imenice) milk, flour, water, love, space, furniture, information etc.

15

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) ODREĐENI ČLAN (THE) The definite article the is pronounced as / ð / before nouns beginning with a consonant and as / ði: / before those beginning with a vowel: Određeni član the se izgovara kao / ð / ispred imenica koje počinju suglasnikom, a kao / ði: / ispred onih koje počinju samoglasnikom:

the box, the train, the park but (ali): the incident, the example, the airport The definite article can be used with both countable nouns (in singular and plural) and uncountable nouns: Određeni član može stajati i uz brojive imenice (u jednini i množini) i uz nebrojive imenice:

Is this the sweater you were looking for? Are these the colour pencils your aunt has bought you? The beauty of his paintings is well-known. Pass me the salt, please. We use the definite article when we mention the person or thing for the second time, offer some extra information or when it is clear from the context who or what we are talking about: Koristimo određeni član kada pominjemo osobu ili stvar po drugi put, dajemo neku dodatnu informaciju ili kada je iz konteksta jasno o kojoj osobi ili stvari je reč:

There is an apple in the bowl. The apple is red. Is this the jacket you told me about yestarday? Could you pass me the book from the shelf, please?

16

The definite article is also used: Određeni član se takođe koristi:

1. Before nouns that are the only one of their kind: Ispred imenica koje su jedine iz vrste:

the earth, the sun, the moon, the universe, the sky, the equator, the world etc. 2. With the sides of the world: Sa stranama sveta:

the North, the South, the East, the West but (ali:) I’m travelling north. The army is heading south. 3. Before the names of musical instruments: Ispred naziva muzičkih instrumenata:

the piano, the violin, the guitar etc. 4. With singular countable nouns to express the whole class of people, animals, things: Sa brojivim imenicama u jednini da označe celu klasu ljudi, životinja, stvari:

The telephone is a very useful invention. The carrot is very healthy. The dog is a smart animal.

17

5. It is used when we want to emphasise that this person or thing ...