Hildegard Peplau Theory of Interpersonal Relations PDF

Preview

Summary

Nursing Theory of Interpersonal Relationships...

Description

Hildegard Peplau Theory of Interpersonal Relations



Worked with W.H.O, NIMH and Nurse Corps.



Died in 1999.



Theory of interpersonal relations is a middle range descriptive

Introduction



Theorist -Hildegard. E. Peplau



Born in Reading, Pennsylvania [1909], USA



Diploma program in Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1931.



BA in interpersonal psychology - Bennington College in 1943.



MA in psychiatric nursing from Colombia University New

classification theory.



The theory was influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan's theory of inter personal relations (1953).



The theorist was also influenced by Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow's and Neal Elger Miller.

York in 1947.  

EdD in curriculum development in 1953.



Professor emeritus from Rutgers university



Started first post baccalaureate program in nursing

Peplau's theory is also refered as psychodynamic nursing, which is the understanding of ones own behavior.

Major Concepts

 

Published Interpersonal Relations in Nursing in 1952



1968 :interpersonal techniques-the crux of psychiatric nursing



Worked as executive director and president of ANA.

The theory explains the purpose of nursing is to help others identify their felt difficulties.



Nurses should apply principles of human relations to the problems that arise at all levels of experience.



Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process,



roles in nursing situations and methods for studying nursing as

Environment: Existing forces outside the organism and in the context of culture

an interpersonal process.  

Health: A word symbol that implies forward movement of

Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an

personalityand other ongoing human processes in the direction

individual who is sick or in need of health care.

of creative,constructive, productive, personal and community living.



Nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two or more individuals with a common



goal.

Nursing: A significant therapeutic interpersonal process. It functions cooperatively with other human process that make health possible for individuals in communities.



The attainment of goal is achieved through the use of a series of steps following a series of pattern.



The nurse and patient work together so both become mature

Roles of nurse



and knowledgeable in the process.

Stranger: receives the client in the same way one meets a stranger in other life situations provides an accepting climate that builds trust.

Definitions  

Teacher: who imparts knowledge in reference to a need or

Person: A developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety interest caused by needs.





Resource Person : one who provides a specific needed information that aids in the understanding of a problem or new

9. Administrator 10. Recorder observer 11. Researcher

situation

Phases of interpersonal relationship

Counselors : helps to understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances ,provides guidance and

Identified four sequential phases in the interpersonal relationship 1. Orientation 2. Identification 3. Exploitation 4. Resolution

encouragement to make changes Orientation phase 

Surrogate: helps to clarify domains of dependence 

Problem defining phase

an advocate.



Starts when client meets nurse as stranger

Leader : helps client assume maximum responsibility for



Defining problem and deciding type of service needed



Client seeks assistance ,conveys needs ,asks questions, shares

interdependence and independence and acts on clients behalf as



meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way preconceptions and expectations of past experiences

Additional Roles include:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Technical expert Consultant Health teacher Tutor Socializing agent Safety agent Manager of environment Mediator



Nurse responds, explains roles to client, helps to identify problems and to use available resources and services

Factors influencing orientation phase



They may make minor requests or attention getting techniques



The principles of interview techniques must be used in order to explore, understand and adequately deal with the underlying problem



Patient may fluctuates on independence



Nurse must be aware about the various phases of

Identification phase



Selection of appropriate professional assistance



Patient begins to have a feeling of belonging and a capability

communication



of dealing with the problem which decreases the feeling of

Nurse aids the patient in exploiting all avenues of help and progress is made towards the final step

helplessness and hopelessness Resolution phase Exploitation phase







Termination of professional relationship



The patients needs have already been met by the collaborative

Use of professional assistance for problem solving alternatives

Advantages of services are used is based on the needs and

effect of patient and nurse

interests of the patients  

Individual feels as an integral part of the helping environment

Now they need to terminate their therapeutic relationship and dissolve the links between them.



Sometimes may be difficult for both as psychological



May not be a felt need



Define needs

dependence persists Nursing diagnosis 

Patient drifts away and breaks bond with nurse and healthier

Planning 

emotional balance is demonstrated and both becomes mature 

individuals

Interpersonal theory and nursing process

Implementation

Both are sequential and focus on therapeutic relationship



Both use problem solving techniques for the nurse and patient

achievement of mutually

to collaborate on, with the end purpose of meeting the patients

set goals





Interdependent goal setting

Mutually set goals



needs

Identification

Plans initiated towards

Exploitation



Patient actively seeking and drawing help



Patient initiated

May be accomplished by patient , nurse or family



Both use observation communication and recording as basic tools utilized by nursing

Evaluation

 Assessment

Based on mutually

Resolution



are completed successfully

expected behaviors 

Data collection and

Occurs after other phases

Orientation



Non continuous data collection

analysis [continuous] 

Felt need



May led to termination and initiation of new



Leads to termination



plans

Theories can be the bases for hypothesis that can be tested o Peplau's theory has generated testable hypotheses.



their practice.

Peplau’s work and characteristics of a theory 

Theories can be utilized by practitioners to guide and improve

o Peplau’s anxiety continuum is still used in anxiety

Interrelation of concepts

patients

o Four phases interrelate the different components of each phase. 



and principles but will leave open unanswered questions that

Applicability

need to be investigated.

o The nurse patient interaction can apply to the concepts

o Peplau's theory is consistent with various theories

of human being, health, environment and nursing. 

Theories must be logical in nature -

Theories must be consistent with other validated theories, laws,

Limitations

o This theory provides a logical systematic way of viewing nursing situations



resources are considered less.

o Key concepts such as anxiety, tension, goals, and frustration are indicated with explicit relationships among them and progressive phases 



Health promotion and maintenance were less emphasized



Cannot be used in a patient who doesn’t have a felt need eg. With drawn patients, unconscious patients

Generalizability o This theory provides simplicity in regard to the natural progression of the NP relationship.

Personal space considerations and community social service



Some areas are not specific enough to generate hypothesis

Research Based on Peplau’s Theory



Hays .D. (1961). Phases and steps of experimental teaching to patients of a concept of anxiety: Findings revealed that when

Nursing –Concepts Process & Practice 3rd ed. London Mosby

taught by the experimental method, the patients were able to

Year Book.

apply the concept of anxiety after the group was terminated. 

6. Potter A Patricia, Perry G Anne (1992) Fundamentals Of

7. Vandemark L.M. Awareness of self & expanding

Burd .S.F. Develop and test a nursing intervention framework

consciousness: using Nursing theories to prepare nurse –

for working with anxious patients: Students developed

therapists Ment Health Nurs. 2006 Jul; 27(6) : 605-15

competency in beginning interpersonal relationship.

8. Reed PG, The force of nursing theory guided- practice. Nurs Sci Q. 2006 Jul;19(3):225

References 9. Delaune SC,. Ladner PK, Fundamental of nursing, standard 1. Timber BK. Fundamental skills and concepts in Patient Care, 7th edition, LWW, N 2. George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional Nursing Practice , 3rd ed. Norwalk, Appleton & Lange. 3. Wills M.Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis for Nursing Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams& wilkins. 4. Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing : Development & Progress 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott. 5. Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art & Science Of Nursing Care 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.

and practice, 2nd edition, Thomson, NY, 2002....