HWST Final Exam Study Guide - SP2019 PDF

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Professor Keola Ryan; Spring 2019...

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HWST 107 – Hōʻike Hope Loa (Final Exam) Study Guide Spring 2019 Ka Māhele ʻĀina Major Players • Why was Kauikeaouli known as “Kamehameha the Good”? o He enacted laws designed to codify and protect the rights of maka’ainana o Despite his support for Kānaka Maoli, why did he agree to Māhele ʻĀina? ▪ He thought: Land was to be “malama-ed” for a period of time after which it would revert back to the Mo’i ▪ Mahhele was going to be a one time division • What role did the following play in the māhele: William L. Little, William Richards, & John Ricord. o William Little Lee: President of Land Commission; promoted Alien Land Ownership Act and wrote Gov of Masters and Servants Act o William Richards: part of the Land Commission o John Ricord: part of the Land Commission • How were foreigners able to successfully persuade Hawaiian leaders to māhele ʻāina (divide the land)? o What were the 4 reasons foreigners gave to justify private land ownership? ▪ 1. Merchants wanted investment properties ▪ 2. Politicians/Missionaries believed capitalism was the most civilized economic system ▪ 3. Politicians/Missionaries: Kanaka would lose aina if invaded by a foreign power unless they owned their land ▪ 4. Missionaries: land ownership would save Kanaka from dying/extinction o Which 2 reasons were more influential in convincing KIII to support the Māhele? ▪ 3 and 4 • Why did Calvinist Missionaries push so hard for the privatization of land between the years of 1845-1850? o 1845 ABCFM discusses dissolving the Hawaiian mission: missionaries that stay need to fend for themselves o 1850 mission was dissolved and ABCFM requested lands for those who stayed Identify the following: • Alien Land Ownership Act o Of 1850 allowed ALL foreigners ownership of aina • Kuleana Land Act o Of 1850 was a land claiming extension for maka’ainana o Could claim acreage under cultivation and one quarter acre for house o Gave rights of access, gathering, and resource use in other areas of ahupua’a • Ceded Lands o Lands taken

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Pie Charts • Identify each of the Māhele pie charts below. • How did the government receive so much land when that was not a part of the original plan? o The land from the gov was supposed to go to the people but for many reasons it was difficult for them to claim it • Why did makaʻ āinana end up with such a small portion of ʻ āina when in the original plan they were supposed to receive one-third? o 1. Few maka’ainana filed a claim o 2. Filing process was complicated and expensive o 3. Short period of time to file a claim o 4. Surveyor fraud

Planned allocation

Mo’I and Ali’I claimed

Final Results

Hawaiian Diaspora – Loss of ʻĀina • What specific factors led to makaʻāinana loss of land? o How did misunderstanding resulting from language differences contribute to the Māhele confusion? - Hawaiians did not have real estate terms o Why was “private land ownership” such a difficult concept for Hawaiians to understand? - It was a foreign concept and there is no equivalent of ownership in Hawaiian culture o How was the concept of Māhele misunderstood between Kānaka and Haole? - How was it translated into English? • Portion, zone, section, division - What does it imply in Hawaiian culture? • Distribute, divide; that is was only for a time o Why was the process to claim land problematic for makaʻāinana? - It was complicated and expensive, only a short time to claim, and surveyor fraud • What were the results of the Māhele & Kuleana Land Act on makaʻāinana? o How many acres actually went to makaʻāinana? - About 26K, only 1% American Annexation U.S. Investigation into the Overthrow • Who does President Cleveland send to lead a Presidential Investigation into the overthrow? 2

o Senator James Blount o What does this person do upon arrival in Hawaiʻi? • Stays for a few months and lives there, talked to both sides o What are the conclusions and recommendations of his report? • US forces are responsible for overthrow, Minister Stevens abused authority, provisional gov lacked support, annexation and overthrow was unpopular • What is the difference between the Blount Report and the Morgan Report? o What are the findings of the Morgan Report with regard to the overthrow? • US forces were not to blame, Minister Stevens not at fault, Queen was solely responsible for overthrow o Why do critics not take the Morgan Report findings seriously? • Only interviewed pro-annexationists, was there for 2 weeks or less • What is the Turpie Resolution and how do the Blount & Morgan Reports influence it? o US has a neutral stance in Hawaii, terminated efforts to restore the Queen, allowed for recognition of provisional gov Desperation in the Republic of Hawaiʻi • What is the Wilcox Rebellion? o Rebellion led by Robert Wilcox against Republic of Hawaii • Why was the Queen arrested and put on trial? o For accusations of misprision of treason o What was the purpose of the Queenʻ s military tribunal? ▪ To humiliate and force abdication of the throne • What was the outcome of the trial? o Queen stood her ground and not much happened U.S. Annexation • What is the “Stepping-Stones Theory” and what was the intent behind it? o US diplomats considered HI as strategically important and wished to use it to advance towards Asian markets • What U.S. president comes to power in 1897 that supports Hawaiian annexation? o William McKinley • What is the Hui Kalaiʻ āina and Hui Aloha ʻ Āina and how do their efforts derail annexation efforts? o Hui Kalai’aina: formed after Bayonet Constitution to give Kanaka political voice, gave 17K signatures to restore Queen o Hui Aloha Aina: formed after overthrow to support Queen and work against annexation, 21K signatures o Helped to defeat Thurston’s annexation treaty in the Senate • What event took place in 1898 that ultimately led to Hawaiian annexation? o McKinley signs Newlands Joint Resolution and takes Hawaii o What is the Monroe Doctrine and how does it relate to the Spanish American War of 1898? • MD defined American foreign polict throughout the 1800s: Europeans stayed out of Western hemisphere and US would not mettle in Euro wars unless located in the US

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o How did the Spanish-American War change the way the U.S. viewed Hawaiʻiʻs value? • Wanted to use Hawaii for military and to use as a ‘stepping stone’ towards Asia What is the Newlands Joint-Resolution? o Based on annexation document drafted by Thurston, passed House and Senate, signed by President McKinley, but NOT a treaty of annexation  Why was Hawaiʻ iʻ s “annexation” considered a violation of U.S. constitutional law?  What is the Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900? (What does it establish?) o Established Territory of Hawaii government Identify: Insular Cases. o Island territories under War Dept. Bureau of Insular Affairs o Why do some criticize the treatment of U.S. citizens in their island territories?  The US doesn’t want to pay for the terriotires (no full rights) and considers them 2nd class citizens o Why do some believe that the Insular Cases need to be repealed?  Based on outdated andracist views

U.S. Military in Paradise Military Interests & Territorial Possessions ● How do U.S. military interests influence the acquisition of Pacific territories during the early 20th century period of empire building? ● Saw HI as strategic and could use it to gain access to other territories Military Footprint in Hawaiʻi ● Why is the military criticized for its footprint in the islands? o It was not wanted by Hawaiians but still taken without consent ● Where does a bulk of military controlled lands in Hawaiʻ i come from? o 1.8 million acres of former crown and gov land o Why is this controversial for the Native Hawaiian community? ▪ Its on ceded lands ● How much ʻ āina is under military stewardship? o 54% ● What is PACOM and where is it based? o US Pacific Command based in Hawaii and the Pacific Ocean ○ List 2 statistics regarding PACOM in Hawaiʻi ● Area of responsibility is more than 50% of earth’s surface ● 43 countries, 20 territories, 10 US territories, 60% of world’s population ● Why is Hawaiʻ i considered the most militarized state in the union? o 1/5th of total US active duty military force in HI Environmental & Social Impact • Identify: DERP, FUDS o DERP = Defense Environmental Restoration Program o FUDS = Formerly Used Defense Sites o Why do critics claim that DERP reports fall short of their intended purpose? 4

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▪ Does not apply FUDS nor bases on foreign soil (don’t report those) Why is the Halawa Fuel Storage Facility of particular concern to the local community? o Any leakage of fuel will go into the aquifer that supplies 25% of Honolulu’s water o What makes it different from other fuel storage facilities? ▪ Old WWII infrastructure and has numerous incidents over the years Why are toxic military dumps in the ocean surrounding Hawaiʻ i a potential problem for the community? o It can wash up on shore and harm the waters and ecosystems surrounding it o What types of things have been dumped into our surrounding ocean? ▪ Radioactive waste, vehicles, etc Why is Kahoʻolawe the best example of military mismanagement of ʻāina? o What did the military use Kahoʻolawe for? ▪ Live fire training ground o Why was this behavior seen as abusive by local and Native Hawaiian activists? ▪ It removed the locals from their land and damaged the land o How was Kahoʻ olawe returned to the State of Hawaiʻi? ▪ Still had much of it uncleared of military debris o What is the P.K.O. and what role does it play with regard to Kahoʻolawe? ▪ Protect Kaho’olawe Ohana is a group formed to protest military bombing of Kaho’olawe How does the large military presence affect housing in the islands especially on Oʻahu? o Raises housing prices and makes locals unable to compete for limited housing o Why is it difficult for local non-military residents to compete with military personnel for off-base housing? ▪ Don’t earn as much, landlords increase rent, some only rent to military

Nuclear Colonialism ● Why did the U.S. choose the Marshall Islands for its nuclear testing program? ● Identify the: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. o Trusteeship granted by UN after WWII (Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands) o How did the U.S. come into control of it? ▪ Micronesia was classified as non-self-governing territory and given to US by UN o What is the status of the territory today? ▪ Broken up into 4 sovereign nation states: Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Republic of Palau ● Identify the: Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories o Article recoginizing the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount o According to the U.N., what are the responsibilities a colonial power has to the people of a territory under its care?

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▪ to ensure their just treatment and protection against abuses o How did the U.S. nuclear testing program in Micronesia violate this U.N. declaration? ▪ It irradiated the Natives through nuclear testing prgrams How were Native Micronesians depicted in U.S. propaganda films? o How would these films influence Americans into thinking that nuclear testing in Micronesia was acceptable? Did the U.S. intentionally expose Micronesians to radioactive fallout in order to use them as test subjects? If so, what evidence is there to prove this? What is the difference between Operation Crossroads and Operation Castle? o Operation Crossroads tested automatic weapons on military equipment; Operation Castle tested hydrogen bombs or thermal nuclear weapons o Identify: Bravo Shot ▪ First test in the Castle series, radioactive fallout to Rongelap and Utrik How were the Marshallese people affected by the nuclear testing in and around their islands? o What specific islands were affected by the Bravo Shot? ▪ Rongelap and Utrik o What types of health problems have resulted? ▪ Thyroid abnormalities/tumors, retardation, cretinism, and stunted devleopment  What are “jellyfish babies”? o What kind of monetary compensation do they receive from the U.S. government? Is it enough? Why or why not? ▪ $150 million, not enough because of what the people had to endure and lasting permanent damage to the environment and their DNA Identify: Treaty of Rarotonga / South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty of 1985. o Establishes nuclear-weapon-free zones o What is the treaty’s 3 protocols? ▪ 1. It is permanent and shall remain indefinitely ▪ 2. May not use or threaten to use any nuclear explosive device ▪ 3. No testing of nuclear explosive devises anywhere within the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone o What are some of the treaty’s flaws as outlined in the reading “Niuklia Fri Pasifik”? Does not ban all nuclear activity within the region

Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement • How has the exploitative nature of Hawaiʻ iʻ s tourism industry influenced Hawaiʻiʻs sovereignty movement?  Tourism caused population boom and urbanization to high cost of housing to mass evictions to frustration and fuel for sovereignty Tourism as economic exploitation ● Define the term Corporate Tourism. o Foreign corporations have a monopoly on multiple facets of tourism industry ● Why do some experts liken Hawaiʻ iʻ s economy to that of a 3rd world country? o Only 50% of tourism generated revenue reaches Hawaii’s internal economy, the rest leaks out of state to foreign investors 6

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Why is corporate tourism not as beneficial for the people of Hawaiʻi as some would think? o Corporations focus on profits, Hawaiian culture place and people for sale, low wagerate industry

Tourism as cultural exploitation ● Explain the metaphor used by Dr. Trask to describe cultural exploitation by Hawaiʻiʻs tourism industry. o Culture like a prostitute is exploited to sell ● Why is the commodification of culture & place dangerous for Hawaiʻi? o Tourists indirectly influence the look and feel of Hawaii, portrayed falsely ● How does the vicious cycle of cultural misrepresentation at the hands of the tourism industry work? o Tourism industry fabricates an image, then visitors expect that image, then industry makes it a reality Overpopulation & Displacement ● What 2 forces coincided in the 1950s that contributed to Hawaiʻiʻs tourism boom? ● How does tourism contribute to population growth in Hawaiʻi? 一 More development from tourism = more people moving to HI ● How much has Hawaiʻ iʻ s population increased since statehood? 一 On average, what is the ratio of tourists to Native Hawaiians on an annual basis? i 7 to 1 currently for residents or 31 to 1 against Native Hawaiians ● What years did Waikiki see the most hotel growth/development? 一 1968-1971 ● Why has this development throughout Waikiki & Honolulu negatively impacted local residents more than it has helped? 一 From the video Sand Island Story, how did rapid population growth and urban development displace many Native Hawaiians & locals during the 1970s? ○ What was the city planning to do with Sand Island after evicting the “squatters”? ● What statistic indicates that Hawaiʻ iʻ s homeless problem is rather a homeless epidemic? 一 40% are locals and 37% Kanaka maoli ● Why are Hawaiʻ iʻ s homeless numbers so high despite having one of the lowest unemployment rates in the U.S.? 一 Because they are low-wage jobs and few higher-pay jobs 二 Think: low wage-rate industry, high cost of living, limited housing… ● What is the main reason for homelessness in Hawaiʻi? Sovereignty as a Solution • According to Dr. Trask, what was the catalyst for the modern Hawaiian sovereignty movement and what year did it occur? • Why does this land struggle fuel the modern Hawaiian sovereignty movement? o Land was being bought by foreigners and developers for building hotels and tourism things • What factors contributed to tremendous frustration by local residents with regard to ʻāina in the 1960s & 1970s?

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o 4 estates owned 1/3 of Oahu, less than 100 owners for half of all the land, gov controlled 40% of land, and HI residents could not afford new homes • What became the rallying cry for protesters during this time? o Land for local people, not tourists • Identify: Sovereignty & Self-Determination • What is the legal basis for the Hawaiian sovereignty movement? o How was Hawaiʻ iʻ s sovereignty established historically? o Despite U.S. efforts to annex Hawaiʻ i, why does its claim to sovereignty still exist? Statehood ● Why was the statehood vote unlawful in term of the question asked and those who were allowed to vote? 一 The people who could vote were limited and generally citizens of the US. They only stated yes or no on a ballot even though HI was claimed illegally 二 How was Hawaiʻ iʻ s statehood vote unfair when compared with Puerto Ricoʻs most recent vote? i People were allowed to vote Yes or no and also about the type of sovereignty they wanted ● Why are the numbers surrounding Hawaiʻ iʻ s statehood vote misleading? 一 90% of eligible voters cast ballots (registered voters) and majority voted in favor but only 60% of the pop in Hawaii could vote 二 Why did the statehood vote not legitimize Hawaiʻ iʻ s status as an American state? i Violated the UN charter, only allowed US citizens to vote, ballot contained no options other than statehood ● Why did the U.S. hastily push a vote for statehood through in June of 1959 and quickly admit Hawaiʻ i into the Union as a state in August of the same year? 一 In order to remove Hawaii from the list of Non-Self-Governing territories 二 Identify: Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples aka the Declaration on Decolonization  1960 UN General Assembly adopted so Hawaii was eligible for decolonization under territory status Contemporary Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement ● Identify OHA and its role in the Hawaiian Sovereignty movement? i. Office of Hawaiian Affairs, semi-autonomous department, ceded lands held in trust, manages money from ceded lands for Hawaiian community, and explores selfgovernment initiatives ● Identify the Apology Bill. i. Admitting the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom was illegal by the US, but couldn’t use this bill to file claims against the US ii. Why is it a hallmark event? i The US finally admits that it had wronged Hawaii, yet did not give it back ● What is the Akaka Bill and what did it attempt to establish? i. Native Hawaiian Reorganization Act attempted to organize a Native Hawaiian governing entity ● What are the 4 main sovereignty models? i. List some of their pros and cons. 8

State within State: provides least governing authority, only requires State of Hawaii approval, limited control over land iii. Nation within Nation: Protected under US law, establish direct Hwn relationship with fed gov. and greater powers over taxes etc, but requires congressional support, still under US control, no access to international community iv. Free Association: a semi-sovereign political status, colonized nation enters into a political relationship with colonizer, maintain international relations, rep UN, not fully independent, still allows US military v. Independence ● What is the difference between Decolonization & Deoccupation? i. Decolonization: UN recognizes colonial powers and possessions, provides a pathway for decolonization (recog the US formally colonized HI) ii. Deoccupation: removal of occupying force, US needs to acknowledge unlawful annexation, and needs to respect laws of occupation iii. (U.N. Declaration on Decolonization) i All peoples have an inalienable right to complete freedom ii.

Mauna Kea & TMT • What does the name Mauna Kea stand for / what does it mean? o Piko of the sky • Why is it a spiritually significant place? o Highest peak in Polynesia • Why is it a culturally significant place? o Ancient burial ground, hundreds of cultural sites, heiau, and shrines, and Adze quarry • Why is it an environmentally significant place? o Wekiu (insect): endemic, highest living insect in the HW o Ahinahina (silver sword): crown jewel of Mauna Kea, endemic, listed as endangered s...