iii Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data seventh edition The Reference of Architectural Fundamentals PDF

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Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data seventh edition The Reference of Architectural Fundamentals Donald Watson, FAIA, editor-in-chief Michael J. Crosbie, Ph.D., senior editor John Hancock Callender in memorium associate editors: Donald Baerman, AIA Walter Cooper Martin Gehner, P.E. Wil...

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Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data seventh edition The Reference of Architectural Fundamentals

Donald Watson, FAIA, editor-in-chief Michael J. Crosbie, Ph.D., senior editor John Hancock Callender in memorium associate editors:

Donald Baerman, AIA Walter Cooper Martin Gehner, P.E. William Hall Bruce W. Hisley Richard Rittelmann, FAIA Timothy T. Taylor, AIA, ASTM

Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data

iii

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Time-saver standards for architectural design data / edited by Donald Watson, Michael J. Crosbie, John Hancock Callender—7th ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Time-saver standards for architectural design data. 6th ed. c1982. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-068506-1 1. Building—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Building—Standards— Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Architectural design—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Watson, Donald, 1937. II. Crosbie, Michael J. III. Callender, John Hancock. IV. Title: Time-saver standards for architectural design data. TH151.T55 1997 721—DC21 97-18390 CIP Copyright © 1997, 1982, 1974, 1966, 1954, 1950, 1946 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

The McGraw-Hill Professional Book Group editor is Wendy Lochner. Printed and bound by Book design: Sandra Olenik, Printworks, Ltd., Madison, CT, USA. Computer graphics: Birch Bidwell Assistant: Kathleen Beckert www.Printworks-Ltd.com Cover design: Sandra Olenik and Margaret Webster-Shapiro Photography in this volume is by Donald Watson, FAIA, except as noted. Disclaimer The information in this book has been obtained from many sources, including government organizations, trade associations, manufacturers and professionals in research and in practice. The publisher, editors and authors have made every reasonable effort to make this reference work accurate and authoritative, but make no warranty, and assume no liability for the accuracy or completeness of the text, tables or illustrations or its fitness for any particular purpose. The appearance of technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty or guarantee by the publisher, editors or authors of any product, design, service, or process. It is the responsibility of users to apply their professional knowledge in the use of information and recommendations contained in this book, to consult original sources for more detailed information and to seek expert advice as required or as appropriate for the design and construction of buildings. Neither the authors, editors or McGraw-Hill shall have any liability to any party for any damages resulting from the use, application or adaptation of information contained in Time-Saver Standards, whether such damages be direct or indirect, or in the nature of lost profits or consequential damages. The Times-Saver Standards is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill is not engaged in providing architectural, engineering design or other professional services.

For more information about other McGraw-Hill materials, call 1-800-2-MCGRAW, in the United States. In other countries, call your nearest McGraw-Hill office. I.S.B.N. 0-07-068506-1

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Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data

Contents • • • • •

Contributors Preface to the Seventh Edition Editors of the Seventh Edition Exemplary professional and technical reference books Introduction

PART I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

ix xiii xiv xv xvii

ARCHITECTURAL FUNDAMENTALS

Universal design and accessible design John P. S. Salmen, AIA and Elaine Ostroff Architecture and regulation Francis Ventre Bioclimatic design Donald Watson, FAIA and Murray Milne Solar control Steven V. Szokolay Daylighting design Benjamin Evans, FAIA Natural ventilation Benjamin Evans, FAIA Indoor air quality Hal Levin Acoustics: theory and applications M. David Egan, P.E., Steven Haas and Christopher Jaffe, Ph.D. History of building and urban technologies John P. Eberhard, FAIA Construction materials technology L. Reed Brantley and Ruth T. Brantley Intelligent building systems Jong-Jin Kim, Ph.D. Design of atriums for people and plants Donald Watson, FAIA Building economics David S. Haviland, Hon. AIA Estimating and design cost analysis Robert P. Charette, P.E. and Brian Bowen, FRICS Environmental life cycle assessment Joel Ann Todd, Nadav Malin and Alex Wilson Construction and demolition waste management Harry T. Gordon, FAIA Construction specifications Donald Baerman, AIA Design-Build delivery system Dana Cuff, Ph.D. Building commissioning: a guide for architects Carolyn Dasher, Nancy Benner, Tudi Haasl, and Karl Stum, P.E. Building performance evaluation Wolfgang F. E. Preiser, Ph.D. and Ulrich Schramm, Ph.D. Monitoring building performance William Burke, Charles C. Benton, and Allan Daly

1 9 21

35 63 75 85 101 117 125 139 151 157 169 183 193 199 209 215 231 239

Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data

v

Contents

PART II

SUBSTRUCTURE

A-1

A1

FOUNDATIONS AND BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

A-1

A1.1

Soils and foundation types Philip P. Page, Jr. Retaining walls Martin Gehner, P.E. Subsurface moisture protection Donald Watson, FAIA and Murray Milne Residential foundation design John Carmody and Joseph Lstiburek, P.Eng. Termite control Donald Pearman

A-3

A

A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5

A-9 A-13 A-19 A-35

B

SHELL

B-1

B1

SUPERSTRUCTURE

B-1

B1.1 B1.2

An overview of structures Design loads Martin Gehner, P.E. Structural design-wood Martin Gehner, P.E. Structural design-steel Jonathan Ochshorn Structural design-concrete Robert M. Darvas Structural design - masonry Martin Gehner, P.E. Earthquake resistant design Elmer E. Botsai, FAIA Tension fabric structures R. E. Shaeffer, P.E. and Craig Huntington, S.E.

B1.3 B1.4 B1.5 B1.6 B1.7 B1-8

B-3 B-19 B-27 B-47 B-61 B-77 B-101 B-119

B2

EXTERIOR CLOSURE

B-127

B2.1 B2.2

Exterior wall systems: an overview Thermal Insulation Donald Baerman, AIA Building movement Donald Baerman, AIA Corrosion of metals Donald Baerman, AIA Moisture control Joseph Lstiburek, P.Eng. Watertight exterior walls Stephen S. Ruggiero and James C. Myers Exterior doors and hardware Timothy T. Taylor Residential windows John C. Carmody and Stephen Selkowitz

B-129 B-143

B3

ROOFING

B-217

B3.1

Roofing systems Donald Baerman, AIA

B-219

B2.3 B2.4 B2.5 B2.6 B2.7 B2.8

vi

DESIGN DATA

Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data

B-155 B-165 B-171 B-183 B-193 B-209

Contents

B-239

B3.2 Gutters and downspouts Donald Baerman, AIA B3.3 Roof openings and accessories Donald Baerman, AIA B3.4 Radiant barrier systems Philip Fairey C C1

B-247 B-253

INTERIORS

C-1

INTERIOR CONSTRUCTIONS

C-1

C1-1 Suspended ceiling systems William Hall C1-2 Interior partitions and panels William Hall C1-3 Interior doors and hardware Timothy T. Taylor C1-4 Flexible infrastructure Vivian Loftness, AIA and Volker Hartkopf, Ph.D C2

STAIRCASES

C-3 C-13 C-23 C-35 C-49

C2-1 Stair design checklist John Templer C2-2 Stair design to reduce injuries John Templer C2-3 Stair dimensioning Ernest Irving Freese

C-51

C3

INTERIOR FINISHES

C-67

C3-1 Wall and ceiling finishes William Hall C3-2 Flooring William Hall.

C-69

C-61 C-64

C-79

D

SERVICES

D-1

D1

CONVEYING SYSTEMS

D-1

D1-1 Escalators and elevators Peter R. Smith D2

PLUMBING

D-3 D-17

D2-1 Plumbing systems Arturo De La Vega D2-2 Sanitary waste systems Arturo De La Vega D2-3 Special plumbing systems Arturo De La Vega D2-4 Solar domestic water heating Everett M. Barber, Jr.

D-19

D3

D-63

HVAC

D3-1 Energy sources for houses William Bobenhausen D3-2 Heating and cooling of houses William Bobenhausen D3-3 Energy sources for commercial buildings William Bobenhausen

D-27 D-33 D-41

D-65 D-71 D-83

Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data

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Contents

D3-4 Thermal assessment for HVAC design Richard Rittelmann, FAIA and John Holton, P.E., RA D3-5 HVAC systems for commercial buildings Richard Rittelmann, FAIA and Paul Scanlon, P.E. D3-6 HVAC specialties Catherine Coombs, CIH, CSP D4

FIRE PROTECTION

D-111 D-145 D-151

D4-1 Fire safety design Fred Malven, Ph.D. D4-2 Fire protection sprinkler systems Bruce W. Hisley D4-3 Standpipe systems Bruce W. Hisley D4-4 Fire extinguishers and cabinets Bruce W. Hisley D4-5 Special fire protection systems Bruce W. Hisley D4-6 Fire alarm systems Walter Cooper

D-153

D5

D-191

ELECTRICAL

D5-1 Electrical wiring systems Benjamin Stein D5-2 Communication and security systems Walter Cooper and Robert DeGrazio D5-3 Electrical system specialties Andrew Prager D5-4 Lighting John Bullough D5-5 Solar electric systems for residences Everett M. Barber, Jr. APPENDIX

D-161 D-171 D-175 D-179 D-187

D-193 D-199 D-219 D-231 D-255

III

1

TABLES AND REFERENCE DATA Dimensions of the human figure Insulation values Lighting tables

AP-1 AP-3 AP-9 AP-19

2

MATHEMATICS Properties of the circle Area, surfaces and volumes Areas-Perimeter ratios William Blackwell Useful curves and curved surfaces Seymour Howard, Architect Drawing accurate curves Sterling M. Palm, Architect Modular coordination Hans J. Milton and Byron Bloomfield, AIA UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND METRICATION Units of measurement Introduction to SI metric system R.E. Shaeffer, P.E. Metrication

AP-25 AP-25 AP-29 AP-33

3

viii

D-89

Index Reader Response Form Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data

AP-36 AP-74 AP-79 AP-85 AP-85

AP-91

Contributors Contributors to the 6th edition (represented in 7th edition revision) Articles of the following authors are reprinted from the 6th edition of Time-Saver Standards (1982), acknowledging their legacy to professional knowledge represented in this volume: William Blackwell, Architectual Consultant Byron C. Bloomfield, AIA, Modular Building Standards Association Ernest Irving Freese Seymour Howard, Professor Emeritus of Architecture, Pratt Institute Hans J. Milton, FRAIA, Center for Building Technology, National Bureau of Standards Sterling M. Palm, AIA Architect Philip P. Page, Jr., Consulting Engineer Syska & Hennessy, Consulting Engineers Howard P. Vermilya, AIA Architect New contributions to the 7th edition Authors: The following authors have prepared articles for the Seventh Edition. Their contributions are gratefully acknowledged. Their professional addresses and contact information are indicated where appropriate. AIA California Council. ADAPT Production Committee. 1303 J St., Sacramento, CA 95814. Gordon H. Chong, chair; Stephan Castellanos, Donald M. Comstock, Michael J. Bocchicchio, Sr., Dana Cuff, Ph.D., Betsey O. Dougherty, Joseph Ehrlich, Harry C. Hallenbeck, Lee Schwager, John G. Stafford, Bruce R. Starkweather, Arba H. Stinnett, Julie Thompson, Paul W. Welch, Jr. Donald Baerman, AIA, 42 Wayland Street, North Haven, CT 06473. FAX (203) 288-7557. Everett M. Barber, Jr., Sunsearch , Inc., P.O. Box 590, Guilford CT 06437. FAX (203) 458-9011. Nancy Benner (1947-1997) Charles C. Benton, Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Califormia, Berkeley, CA 94720-1800. William Bobenhausen, Steven Winter Associates, 50 Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854. Elmer E. Botsai, FAIA, Professor Emeritus, School of Architecture, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. Brian Bowen, FRICS, Principal, Hanscomb, Inc., 1175 Peachtree Street, NE, Atlanta, GA 30309. L. Reed Brantley and Ruth T. Brantley, 2908 Robert Place, Honolulu, HI 96816-1720. John Bullough, Research Associate, Lighting Research Center, School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180. William Burke, Vital Signs Project, Department of Architecture, University of Califormia, 232 Wurster Hall #1500, Berkeley, CA 94720-1800. John Carmody, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, 1425 University Avenue SE #220, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Robert P. Charette, P.E., CVS, 138 Avenue Trenton, Montreal, Quebec H3P 1Z4. Catherine Coombs, CIH, CSP, Steven Winter Associates, 50 Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854. Walter Cooper, Flack + Kurtz, 475 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017. Michael J. Crosbie, Ph.D., 47 Grandview Terrace, Essex, CT 06426. Dana Cuff, Ph.D., Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Arts and Architecture, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1427. Arturo De La Vega, URS Greiner, 1120 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20036. Allan Daly, Department of Architecture, University of Califormia, 232 Wurster Hall #1500, Berkeley, CA 94720-1800. Robert M. Darvas, Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, 2000 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2069. Carolyn Dasher, Portland Energy Conservation, Inc., 921 SW Washington, Suite 312, Portland, OR 97205. Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data

ix

Contributors Robert DeGrazio, Flack + Kurtz, 475 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017. John P. Eberhard, FAIA, 400 Madison Street, Apt. 702, Alexandria, VA 22314. M. David Egan, P.E., PO Box 365, Anderson, SC 29622. Benjamin Evans, FAIA (1926-1997) Philip W. Fairey, Deputy Director, Florida Solar Energy Center, Clearlake Road, Cocoa, FL 32922-5703. http:// www.fsec.ucf.edu Martin D. Gehner, P.E., Professor of Architectural Engineering, School of Architecture, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520. Harry T. Gordon, FAIA, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates, 1056 Thomas Jefferson Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007. William Hall, MHTN Architects, 2 Exchange Place, Salt Lake City, UT 84111. Steven Haas, Jaffe Holden Scarbrough Acoustics Inc., 114-A Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854. Tudi Haasl, Portland Energy Conservation, Inc., 921 SW Washington,, Suite 312, Portland, OR 97205. Volker Hartkopf, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, Department of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890. David S. Haviland, Hon. AIA, Professor, School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180. Bruce W. Hisley, 27 Northern Pike Trail, Fairfield, PA 17320 John Holton, P.E., Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 16001. Craig Huntington, S.E., Huntington Design Associates, Inc., 1736 Franklin Street Suite 500, Oakland, CA 94612. Christopher Jaffe, Ph.D., Jaffe Holden Scarborough Acoustics, Inc., 144A Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854. Jong-Jin Kim, Ph.D., Associate Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Hal Levin, Hal Levin & Associates, 2548 Empire Grade, Santa Cruz, CA 95060. Vivian Loftness, AIA, Professor and Chair, Department of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890. Joseph Lstiburek, P.Eng., Building Science Corporation, 70 Main Street, Westford, MA 01886. FAX (508) 589-5103. Nadav Malin, Associate Editor, Environmental Building News, RR 1, Box 161, Brattleboro, VT 05301. FAX (802) 257-7304. Fred M. Malven, Ph.D., Professor, Iowa State University, College of Design, Ames, IA 50011-3093. Murray A. Milne, Professor Emeritus, School of the Arts and Architecture, UCLA, B-315 Perloff Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1427. e-mail: [email protected] James C. Myers, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, 297 Broadway, Arlington, MA 02174 Jonathan Ochshorn, Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Elaine Ostroff, Adaptive Environments Center, Congress Street, Suite 301, Boston, MA 02210. Donald Pearman, 2001 Hoover Avenue, Oakland, CA 94602 Wolfgang F. E. Preiser, Ph. D., University of Cincinnati, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0016. Richard Rittelmann, FAIA, Burt Hill Koser Rittelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 16001. Stephen S. Ruggiero, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, 297 Broadway, Arlington, MA 02174. John P. S. Salmen, AIA , Universal Designers & Consultants, Inc. , 1700 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. FAX (301) 770-4338. Paul Scanlon, Burt Hill Koser Rittelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 16001.

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Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data

Contributors Ulrich Schramm, Ph.D., Fakultat fur Architectur und Stadplanung, Universitat Stuttgart, Keplerstrasse 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany. Stephen Selkowitz, Director, Windows and Daylighting Program. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. One Cyclotron Road. Berkeley, CA 94720. R. E. Shaeffer, P.E., Professor, Florida A&M University, School of Architecture, 1936 S. Martin Luther King Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32307. Peter R. Smith, Ph.D., FRAIA, Head, Department of Architectural Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Karl Stum. P.E., Portland Energy Conservation, Inc., 921 SW Washington, Suite 312, Portland, OR 97205. Russ Sullivan, P.E., Burt Hill Koser Rittelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 16001. Steven V. Szokolay, P O Box 851, Kenmore, 4069, Queensland, Australia. Timothy T. Taylor, AIA, URS Greiner, 1120 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20036. John Templer, 114 Verdier Road, Beauford, SC 29902. Joel Ann Todd, The Scientific Consulting Group, Inc., 656 Quince Orchard Road, Suite 210, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878-1409. Francis Ventre, Ph.D., 4007 Rickover Road, Silver Spring, MD 20902. Donald Watson, FAIA, 54 Larkspur Drive, Trumbull, CT 06611. [email protected] Alex Wilson, Editor, Environmental Building News, RR 1, Box 161, Brattleboro, VT 05301. FAX (802) 257-7304. Additional contributors and reviewers The special contributions and reviews of the following individuals are gratefuly acknowledged: William A. Brenner, AIA, Executive Director, Construction Metrication Council, National Institute of Building Sciences, 1201 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Jack Embersits, President, Facilities Resource Management Co., FRM Park, 135 New Road, Madison, CT 06443-2545. Tom Fisher, Dean, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Minneapolis, 1425 University Avenue, SE, Minneapolis MN 55455. Rita M. Harrold, Director of Educational & Technical Development, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005-4001. Steve Mawn, American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Marietta Millet, Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Washington, 208 Gould Hall, Seattle, WA 98195. Mark Rea, Director, Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180. Daniel L. Schodek, Professor, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge, MA 02138. Richard Solomon, P.E., Chief Building Fire Protection Engineer, Nat...