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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANOFACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICAELÉCTRICA, ELECTRÓNICA Y SISTEMASESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIAELECTRÓNICALABORATORIO DE TELECOMUNICACIONESGRUPO: CINFORME: PREVIO/FINALNÚMERO DE INFORME: 1DOCENTE: WALTER OSWALDO CUTIPA FLORESESTUDIANTE: Diego Andrés Cjuno Bedregal...

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA ELÉCTRICA, ELECTRÓNICA Y SISTEMAS

ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA ELECTRÓNICA

LABORATORIO DE TELECOMUNICACIONES GRUPO: C INFORME: PREVIO/FINAL NÚMERO DE INFORME: 1 DOCENTE: WALTER OSWALDO CUTIPA FLORES ESTUDIANTE: Diego Andrés Cjuno Bedregal PUNO – PERÚ 2020

PRACTICA DE LABORATORIO N° 1 OSCILADORES I. INFORME PREVIO 1. ¿Cómo funciona un oscilador según la teoría de la realimentación? Grafique y señales sus partes. Un circuito que usa realimentación positiva dando una ganancia de lazo abierto mayor a 1 y que satisface las condiciones de fase es conocido como Oscilador. Produciendo así una salida variable.

2. ¿Cómo funciona un oscilador Colpitts? Grafique y señales sus partes. Se trata de un oscilador que presenta, a su salida, una señal de frecuencia determinada sin que exista una entrada, a diferencia de otros circuitos electrónicos, que necesitan de una entrada de señal.

3. ¿Cómo funciona un oscilador Hartley? Grafique y señales sus partes. Se trata de un oscilador que presenta, a su salida, una señal de frecuencia determinada sin que exista una entrada, a diferencia de otros circuitos electrónicos, que necesitan de una entrada de señal.

4. ¿Cómo funciona un oscilador Armstrong? Grafique y señales sus partes. Tanto la señal de AF moduladora como la señal de RF sin modular se aplican a la entrada del modulador equilibrado. En éste, la señal de RF está modulada en amplitud por la señal de AF, produciéndose las frecuencias de las bandas laterales superior e inferior.

5. ¿Cómo funciona un oscilador Clapp? Grafique y señales sus partes. El funcionamiento de este circuito es casi idéntico a la de los Colpitts, donde la relación de realimentación gobierna la generación y la sostenibilidad de las oscilaciones. Sin embargo, la frecuencia de oscilación en el caso de Oscilador de clapp es dado por:

6. ¿Cómo funciona un oscilador Puente de Wien? Grafique y señales sus partes. El oscilador puente de Wien tiene dos partes principales, un filtro pasa banda que se encarga de generar la oscilación a una frecuencia igual a su frecuencia central, y un amplificador no inversor que mantiene la ganancia del oscilador en uno.

7. ¿Cómo funciona un oscilador Pierce? Grafique y señales sus partes. Este oscilador es particularmente especial pues todo el circuito LC resonante es reemplazado por un cristal de cuarzo.

8. ¿Cuáles son las fórmulas para el diseño de una bobina? Grafique y señales sus partes. Para hallar la inductancia de una bobina.

Donde: a = es el radio de la bobina l = longitud de la bobina N = número de espiras de la bobina Para el calculo de una inductancia de una bobina real.

Siendo A y B términos de corrección que pueden ser obtenidos en la práctica por.

Donde S = D (dimensión de las espiras) /P (separación entre las espiras)

9. Incluya la hoja de datos (datasheet) de los componentes indicados en la sección II MATERIALES, COMPONENTES Y EQUIPAMIENTO

LM741 Operational Amplifier General Description The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifi- ers which feature improved performance over industry stan- dards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications.

The LM741C/LM741E are identical to the LM741/LM741A except that the LM741C/LM741E have their performance guaranteed over a 0˚C to +70˚C temperature range, instead of −55˚C to +125˚C.

The amplifiers offer many features which make their applica- tion nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is ex- ceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations.

Schematic Diagram

DS009341-1

DS009341-7

© 1999 National Semiconductor Corporation

DS009341

www.national.com

LM741 Operational Amplifier

May 1998

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. (Note 6) LM741A ±22V 500 mW ±30V

LM741E ±22V 500 mW ±30V

LM741 ±22V 500 mW ±30V

LM741C ±18V 500 mW ±30V

±15V Continuous −55˚C to +125˚C −65˚C to +150˚C 150˚C

±15V Continuous 0˚C to +70˚C −65˚C to +150˚C 100˚C

±15V Continuous −55˚C to +125˚C −65˚C to +150˚C 150˚C

±15V Continuous 0˚C to +70˚C −65˚C to +150˚C 100˚C

260˚C 300˚C

260˚C 300˚C

260˚C 300˚C

260˚C 300˚C

215˚C 215˚C

215˚C 215˚C

215˚C 215˚C

215˚C 215˚C

Supply Voltage Power Dissipation (Note 2) Differential Input Voltage Input Voltage (Note 3) Output Short Circuit Duration Operating Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range Junction Temperature Soldering Information N-Package (10 seconds) J- or H-Package (10 seconds) M-Package Vapor Phase (60 seconds) Infrared (15 seconds)

See AN-450 “Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on Product Reliability” for other methods of soldering surface mount devices. ESD Tolerance (Note 7)

400V

400V

400V

400V

Electrical Characteristics (Note 4) Parameter

Conditions

LM741A/LM741E Min

Input Offset Voltage

Typ

Max

0.8

3.0

LM741 Min

LM741C

Typ Max

Min

Units

Typ

Max

2.0

6.0

TA = 25˚C 1.0

RS  10 k RS  50

5.0

mV mV

T AMIN  TA  TAMAX 4.0

RS  50

mV

RS  10 k 

6.0

Average Input Offset

7.5

mV µV/˚C

15

Voltage Drift Input Offset Voltage

TA = 25˚C, VS = ±20V

±10

±15

±15

mV

Adjustment Range Input Offset Current

TA = 25˚C T AMIN  TA  TAMAX

3.0

Average Input Offset

30

20

200

70 0.5

85

500

80

80

20

200 300

nA nA nA/˚C

Current Drift Input Bias Current Input Resistance

Input Voltage Range

www.national.com

TA = 25˚C T AMIN  TA  TAMAX

30

0.210

TA = 25˚C, VS = ±20V

1.0

TAMIN  T A  T AMAX , V S = ± 20V

0.5

6.0

TA = 25˚C T AMIN  TA  TAMAX

2

500

80

1.5 0.3

2.0

±12

±13

500 0.8

nA µA

0.3

2.0

M M

±12

±13

V V

Electrical Characteristics (Note 4) (Continued) Parameter

Conditions

LM741A/LM741E Min

Large Signal Voltage Gain

Typ

Max

LM741 Min

Typ

50

200

LM741C Max

Min

Typ

20

200

Units

Max

TA = 25˚C, RL  2 k VS = ±20V, VO = ±15V

50

V/mV

VS = ±15V, VO = ±10V

V/mV

T AMIN  TA  TAMAX , RL  2 k , VS = ±20V, VO = ±15V

V/mV

32

VS = ±15V, VO = ±10V Output Voltage Swing

25

VS = ±5V, VO = ±2V VS = ±20V

10

V/mV

RL  10 k

±16 ±15

V

RL  2 k VS = ±15V

V

±12 ±10

RL  10 k Output Short Circuit

RL  2 k TA = 25˚C

10

Current

T AMIN  TA  TAMAX

10

Common-Mode

T AMIN  TA  TAMAX

Rejection Ratio

25

35

Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio

T AMIN  TA  TAMAX , VS = ±20V to VS = ±5V

Transient Response

RS  10 k TA = 25˚C, Unity Gain

RS  50

95

86

96

TA = 25˚C TA = 25˚C, Unity Gain

Supply Current

TA = 25˚C

Power Consumption

TA = 25˚C VS = ±20V

0.437

1.5

0.3

0.7

80

VS = ±20V T A = TAMIN T A = TAMAX

25

mA

V

70

90

90

dB

dB

0.8 20

77

96

dB

0.3 5

0.3 5

µs %

0.5

0.5

96

MHz V/µs

1.7

2.8

1.7

2.8

50

85

50

85

150

mA mW mW

165

mW

135

mW

150

mW

150

mW

VS = ±20V T A = TAMIN T A = TAMAX

LM741

V

dB

VS = ±15V

LM741E

±14 ±13

mA

77 0.25 6.0

Slew Rate

±12 ±10

25

70 80

Rise Time Overshoot Bandwidth (Note 5)

±14 ±13

40

RS  10 k, VCM = ±12V RS  50, VCM = ±12V

LM741A

V/mV

15

VS = ±15V T A = TAMIN

60

100

mW

T A = TAMAX

45

75

mW

Note 1: “Absolute Maximum Ratings” indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits.

3

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Electrical Characteristics (Note 4) (Continued) Note 2: For operation at elevated temperatures, these devices must be derated based on thermal resistance, and T j max. (listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings”). Tj = TA + (jA PD).

Thermal Resistance jA (Junction to Ambient) jC (Junction to Case)

Cerdip (J)

DIP (N)

HO8 (H)

SO-8 (M)

100˚C/W

100˚C/W

170˚C/W

195˚C/W

N/A

N/A

25˚C/W

N/A

Note 3: For supply voltages less than ±15V, the absolute maximum input voltage is equal to the supply voltage. Note 4: Unless otherwise specified, these specifications apply for V S = ±15V, −55˚C  TA  +125˚C (LM741/LM741A). For the LM741C/LM741E, these specifications are limited to 0˚C  TA  +70˚C. Note 5: Calculated value from: BW (MHz) = 0.35/Rise Time(µs). Note 6: For military specifications see RETS741X for LM741 and RETS741AX for LM741A. Note 7: Human body model, 1.5 k in series with 100 pF.

Connection Diagram Metal Can Package

Ceramic Dual-In-Line Package

DS009341-2

Note 8: LM741H is available per JM38510/10101

Order Number LM741H, LM741H/883 (Note 8), LM741AH/883 or LM741CH See NS Package

Number H08C Dual-In-Line or

S.O. Package

N o t e 9 : a l s o a v a i l a b l e p e r J M 3 8 5 1 0 / 1 0 1 0 1 N o t e 1 0 : a l s o a v a

ilable per JM38510/10102

F

Order Number LM741J-14/883 (Note 9), LM741AJ14/883 (Note 10)

l a

See NS t Package p Number a J14A k Ceramic

DS009341-6 DS009341-3

Order Number LM741J, LM741J/883, LM741CM, LM741CN or LM741EN See NS Package Number J08A, M08A or N08E

O r d e r N u m b e r L M 7 4 1 W / 8 8 3 S e e N S P a c k a g e N u m b e r W 1 0 A

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4

Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

Metal Can Package (H) Order Number LM741H, LM741H/883, LM741AH/883, LM741CH or LM741EH NS Package Number H08C

5

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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

Ceramic Dual-In-Line Package (J) Order Number LM741J-14/883 or LM741AJ-14/883 NS Package Number J14A

www.national.com

6

Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

Dual-In-Line Package (N) Order Number LM741CN or LM741EN NS Package Number N08E

7

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WTE

LM741 Operational Amplifier

Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

10-Lead Ceramic Flatpak (W) Order Number LM741W/883 NS Package Number W10A

LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEM WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or system which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. National Semiconductor Corporation Americas

National Semiconductor Europe

2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.

National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Response Group

Tel: 81 3 5639 7560

Fax: +49 (0) 1 80-530 85 86 Tel: 65-2544466

l National does not assumewww.national.com any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.

Email: [email protected] Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 1 80-530 85 85

National Semiconductor Japan Ltd.

POWER SEMICONDUCTORS

1N4148 / LL4148

WTE POWER SEMICONDUCTORS

FAST SWITCHING DIODE Features    

Fast Switching Speed Glass Package Version for High Reliability High Conductance Available in Both Through-Hole and Surface Mount Versions

A

B

A

A B

C LL4148

D 1N4148

Mechanical Data    



MiniMEL

Case: DO-35, MiniMELF Terminals: Plated Leads Solderable per MIL-STD-202, Method 208 Polarity: Cathode Band Weight: DO-35 0.13 grams MiniMELF 0.05 grams

Dim DO-35 Min

Dim A

25.40

Max —

—

4.00

C

—

0.60

D

—

2.00

Marking: Cathode Band Only

3.30

B

1.30

C

B

Maximum Ratings @TA=25°C unless otherwise specified

Non-Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage

Symbol

Value

VRM

100

V

75

V

V

Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage W orking Peak Reverse Voltage DC Blocking Voltage

VRRM VRW M VR

Unit

RMS Reverse Voltage

VR(RMS)

53

Forward Continuous Current (Note 1)

IFM

300

mA

Rectified Current (Average), Half W ave Rectification with Resistive L oad an d f Š 50MHz (N ote 1)

IO

150

mA

IFSM

1.0 2.0

Power Dissipation (Note 1) Derate Above 25°C

Pd

500 1.68

mW mW /°C

Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient Air (Note 1)

R8JA

300

K/W

Operating and Storage Temperature Range

T j, TSTG

-65 to +175

°C

Non-Repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current

@ t = 1.0s @ t = 1.0µs

0.28 All Dimension

All Dimensions in mm

Characteristic

MIn

A

A

Electrical Characteristics @TA=25°C unless otherwise specified

Characteristic

Symbol

Min

Max

Unit

Test Condition

VFM

—

1.0

Maximum Peak Reverse Current

IRM

—

5.0 50 30 25

µA µA µA nA

VR = 75V VR = 70V, T j = 150°C VR = 20V, T j = 150°C VR = 20V

Capacitance

Cj

—

4.0

pF

VR = 0, f = 1.0MHz

Reverse Recovery Time

trr

—

4.0

ns

IF = 10mA to I R = 1.0mA VR = 6.0V, RL = 100fi

Maximum Forward Voltage

Note: 1. Diode on Ceramic Substrate 10mm x 8mm x 0.7mm.

V

IF = 10mA

ORDERING INFORMATION Product No. 

Package Type

Shipping Quantity

1N4148-T3

DO-35

10000/Tape & Reel

1N4148-TB

DO-35

5000/Tape & Box

1N4148

DO-35

1000 Units/Box

LL4148-T1

MiniMELF

2500/Tape & Reel

LL4148-T3

MiniMELF

10000/Tape & Reel

Products listed in bold are WTE Preferred devices.  T1 suffix refers to a 7” reel. T3 suffix refers to a 13” reel. TB suffix refers to Ammo Pack. Shipping quantity given is for minimum packing quantity only. For minimum order quantity, please consult the Sales Department.

RECOMMENDED FOOTPRINT (MiniMELF)

0.043 MIN (1.10 MIN)

0.067 MIN (1.70 MIN)

0. 10 6 MI N (2.

inches( mm)

70 MI N)

Won-Top Electronics Co., Ltd (WTE) has checked all information carefully and believes it to be correct and accurate. However, WTE cannot assume any responsibility f or inaccuracies. Furthermore, this information does not give the purchaser of semiconductor devices any license under patent rights to manufacturer. WTE reserves the right to change any or all information herein without further notice. WARNING: DO NOT USE IN LIFE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT. WTE power semiconductor products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express written approval.

II. MATERIALES, COMPONENTES Y EQUIPAMIENTO 1. 1 Generador de funciones (disponible en el laboratorio) 2. 3 Puntas de prueba (disponible en el laboratorio, pero de preferencia cada estudiante debe de tener sus propias puntas de prueba) 3. 1 Osciloscopio (disponible en el laboratorio) 4. 1 Fuente de Poder (disponible en el laboratorio) 5. 1 Multímetro (cada estudiante debe de tener su propio multímetro) 6. 1 Protoboard y cables (cada estudiante debe de tener su propio protoboard) 7. Resistencias: 10KΩ (4u), 1KΩ (4u), 12KΩ (4u) , 2KΩ (4u) 8. 1 Potenciómetro de 50KΩ 9. Condensadores: 82pF (4u), 100pF (4...