Kalorifer Tesisatı Projesi (İngilizce) PDF

Preview

Summary

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY TRAKYA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING HEATING INSTALLATION PROJECT PROJECT 2 ARDA NABİ PROF. DR. KAMİL KAHVECİ DECEMBER 2019 EDİRNE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY TRAKYA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING HEATING INST...

Description

Accelerat ing t he world's research.

Kalorifer Tesisatı Projesi (İngilizce) Arda Nabi Arda Nabi

Cite this paper

Downloaded from Academia.edu 

Get the citation in MLA, APA, or Chicago styles

Related papers

Download a PDF Pack of t he best relat ed papers 

Trace and major element s concent rat ions from ODP Leg 156 deep sea cores: a dat a report A. Rabaut e

CHAPIT RE XII Tenshi Cheonsa Khramchenkova R.Kh. Chemical composit ion of t he clays as indicat or raw mat erial sources. Povolzhs… Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (T he Volga River Region Archaeology)

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY TRAKYA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEATING INSTALLATION PROJECT

PROJECT 2

ARDA NABİ

PROF. DR. KAMİL KAHVECİ

DECEMBER 2019 EDİRNE

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY TRAKYA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEATING INSTALLATION PROJECT

PROJECT 2

ARDA NABİ

PROF. DR. KAMİL KAHVECİ

DECEMBER 2019 EDİRNE

ÖZET

Bu projede ısıtma teknikleri ve tarihçesi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir, ısı kaybı hesap cetvelinin nasıl doldurulacağı anlatılmıştır. Mimari projesi bulunan bir binanın ısı kaybı hesap cetveli doldurulmuş, yapılan hesaplar sonucu uygun radyatörler seçilmiş ve AutoCAD programında tesisat çizimi yapılmıştır.

ANAHTAR KELİMELER Isıtma, ısı kaybı, ısıl geçirgenlik, radyatör

ABSTRACT

In this project, information about heating techniques and history is given, how to fill the heat loss calculation chart is explained. The heat loss calculation sheet of a building with an architectural project was filled out, the appropriate radiators were selected as a result of the calculations and the installation drawing was made in AutoCAD program.

KEYWORDS

Heating, heat loss, thermal permeability, radiator

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION…...……………………………………..…………………………1 2. MODERN HEATING TECHNIQUES ……………………………………………….2 2.1. LOCAL HEATING……………………………………….…………………….2 2.2. INDIVIDUAL HEATING …………………………….…….…………………3 2.3. CENTRAL HEATING …………………………………………………………3 2.4. REGIONAL HEATING ………………………………….……….……………4 2.5. HEATER FLUIDS………………………………………….…….……….……4 3. FUTURE OF HEATING TECHNIQUE……………………………………………...7 4. THERMAL COMFORT ……………………………………………………………...8 5. HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS………………………………………..….……….10 5.1. COLLECTION OF DATA BASED ON HEAT LOSSES ………..………….10 5.1.1. STRUCTURE-RELATED DATA ……………………………...………10 5.1.2. EXTERNAL and INTERNAL TEMPERATURE VALUES to BE TAKEN into ACCOUNT…………………………………………..……10 5.1.3. TOTAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT of BUILDING COMPONENTS………………..…………………………………..…….11 5.1.4. COMBINED INCREMENT COEFFICIENT …………………..………16 5.1.5. DIRECTIONAL INCREMENT ……………………………….………..16 5.1.6. HIGH FLOORS and HIGH FLOOR INCREMENT …………….……...17 5.2. TOTAL HEAT LOSS………………………………………………...……….17 5.2.1. INCREASED HEAT LOSS FROM THE BUILDING COMPONENT ..17 5.2.2. AIR LEAK HEAT LOSS (qS)……………………………………………18 6. HEAT LOSS CALCULATION CHART …………………………………………...20 6.1. THERMAL REQUIREMENTS ………………………………………………..37 7. RADIATOR SELECTION ………………………………………………………….39 8. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………41 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………48 ANNEX………………………………………………………………………………...49

iii

TABLE OF NOMENCLATURE

DD = Outer Wall ID = Internal Wall Dö = Flooring Ta = Ceiling CCP = Double glazed window Ti = Internal Temperature To = Outer Temperature W = Watt K = Kelvin C = Celsius m = metre Qs = Air Leak Heat Loss

iv

TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 8.1.………………………………………………………………………………41 Figure 8.2……………………………………………………………………………….42 Figure 8.3……………………………………………………………………………….43 Figure 8.4……………………………………………………………………………….44 Figure 8.5……………………………………………………………………………….45 Figure 8.6……………………………………………………………………………….46 Figure 8.7……………………………………………………………………………….46 Figure 8.8……………………………………………………………………………….47

v

TABLE OF TABLES Table 5.1.3.1……………………………………………………………………………11 Table 5.1.3.2……………………………………………………..……………………..12 Table 5.1.3.3……..……………………………………………………………………..13 Table 5.1.3.4…..………………………………………………………………………..13 Table 5.1.3.5..…………………………………………………………………………..14 Table 5.1.3.6..…………………………………………………………………………..15 Table 6.1………………………………………………………………………………..20 Table 6.1.1.……………………………………………………………………………..37 Table 6.1.2.……………………………………………………………………………..37 Table 6.1.3.……………………………………………………………………………..38 Table 6.1.4.……………………………………………………………………………..38 Table 7.1………………………………………………………………………………..39 Table 7.2………………………………………………………………………………..39 Table 7.3………………………………………………………………………………..40 Table 7.4………………………………………………………………………………..40

vi

1

1. INTRODUCTION

Since the first ages, people have sought protection from external conditions, especially the cold, with various methods. People who used to warm themselves by lighting fires in the open air have also developed warming techniques with the progress of civilization. The first form of heating in closed volumes is seen as an open fire burning in the middle of the contained volume and leaving a hole at the top of the volume. It is possible to find this method in the form called tandoor which is still seen in rural areas in our country. However, more modern and advanced heating techniques are used today. The calculations and application of individual warming, one of these techniques, were processed in the project.

2

2. MODERN HEATING TECHNIQUES

The basic principle used in modern heating is based on the central heating technique left over from the Romans. The difference between today's heating circuits from this old technique is the type of hot fluid used and the size of the system. In terms of fluid type, hot water, boiling water, air, hot oil, steam can be used today. In terms of the size of the systems (thermal capacity), it is possible to classify them as individual, Central, Regional. In addition, different applications of heating elements such as radiator, convector, floor, wall heating can be made in all these systems. In all these systems, solid, liquid or gas fuels can be used as the primary energy source. The systems used and the fuel can have various advantages and disadvantages compared to each other. Therefore, an engineering and economic analysis is required to select the most suitable system, heater fluid and heater element in each different application. In order for a heating installation to be suitable, it is necessary to meet the following conditions. a) The temperature of the heated environment should be stable with ±1 °C precision. b) It must have a quick and effective adjustment device. c) The gases released by combustion should not contaminate the heated environment or the environment. d) Installation should be economical and efficient in terms of plant, operation and maintenance expenses. e) The operation should be simple.

2.1. LOCAL HEATING Heat is generated within the medium itself to be heated. Where this system is applied, it is necessary to have a heat generator in every environment that needs to be heated.

3 Heating techniques made with fireplaces, wood and charcoal stoves; electric heating devices are considered within this group. Thermal capacity is between 1 and 10 kW.

2.2. INDIVIDUAL HEATING Heat requirement, individual heating of volumes between 10 and 40 kW, is called floor heating. Diesel, natural gas or LPG are usually used as fuel in the system. Generally, in applications in our country, the fluid is water with a maximum temperature of 90 °C. Hot water is prepared in devices called a floor boiler or boiler and sent to heaters in environments to be heated with pipes. Especially in A.B.D. the fluid used in this type of heating technique in ' 40 to 50 °C temperature air. Air prepared in an air heater is sent to environments to be heated with channels. The use of a certain amount of external air here also allows forced ventilation in the system. Although individual heating is not economical compared to central heating, it is the greatest advantage of this system to be independent. Therefore, even if he lives in an apartment, he is much preferred by the people of our country. This system is expected to become more widespread in the future, especially if natural gas is used.

2.3. CENTRAL HEATING The most appropriate heating requirement in a block building is met by a central heating. Hot water prepared in a boiler room in the building is sent separately to each apartment or unit in the building. Although it is possible to burn all kinds of fuels in the boiler, natural gas and liquid fuels are preferred in terms of Environment. Because the devices that measure the heat energy used by every independent unit in our country have not become widespread, unfortunately, this technique can sometimes occur unnecessarily large energy wastefulness in heating. When used consciously, the central heating system is more advantageous than the individual heating system in terms of both investment and operation.

4 2.4. REGIONAL HEATING In this system, which is also called city or remote heating technique, the hot fluid prepared in a heat center is transported to buildings several kilometers in diameter. Heat is a substance that is used to heat a substance. This fluid heats the water in the second circuit with a maximum temperature of 90 °C with the help of a heat exchanger located under each building. The system in the Second Circuit is the same as the circuit used in the central system. In principle, if the buildings in the system are closer than one kilometer to the heating Center, the system can be made single circuit directly using hot water at a temperature of 90 °C. In more common and scattered systems, boiling water is used in the first circuit, whose temperature can be up to 180°C. Regional heating is technically the most economical system. Especially in the case of fuels such as coal or fuel oil other than natural gas, precise control of combustion and fluid temperatures can only be done with this system in one center. Hospitals, barracks, housing sites, university campuses are suitable for this heating technique.

2.5. HEATER FLUIDS Although hot water is the most suitable application as a heat carrier environment in heating installations, other fluids may also be used for special reasons.

a) Hot water: According to TS 2796 standards, heating systems with Boiler outlet water temperature 110 °C are considered within this group. In this type of systems, temperatures of 90 °C are usually used in the course of the trip and 70°C in the return. Since the rules of thermal insulation that apply both in Turkey and abroad are applied today, the buildings are made better insulated, the heat loss is less and therefore less heating surface is needed. Therefore, it is possible to make a more comfortable heating by selecting the operating temperatures of hot water heating systems at 80 °C / 60 °C, 70 °C / 50°C values.

5 b) Superheated water: In this system, which is also called boiling water, heating systems whose boiler outlet water temperature is higher than 110 °C according to TS 2736 standard are taken into consideration in this section. Usually hot water systems are used in large capacity zone heating at outlet water temperatures between 120 °C and 180 °C. In addition, these heating systems are also used in industrial plants with high temperature requirements related to the process. c) Low Pressure Steam The absolute pressure of output from the boiler is steam with a maximum of 2 bars. d) High Pressure Steam The absolute pressure of output from the boiler is Steam which is more than 2 bar. e) Vacuum Steam: It is Steam whose pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, ranging from 0.05 to 0.75 bar and whose temperature is at least 65 °C. PS: Today, both low and high pressure and vacuum steam systems are no longer used in Comfort Heating. Steam heating system can be used in special cases such as fair and exhibition halls which are used infrequently or periodically and need to be heated quickly. For ease of operation, hot water or superheated water heating systems should be preferred instead of steam heating. f) Hot Heat: The air heated in a center is moved to the desired environments with the help of channels. Suitable for places where air change is required along with heating. g) Superheated Oil: Heat transfer oils with boiling temperatures ranging from 260 °C to 390 °C can be used in some heating systems for special purposes. High-pressure steam or hot water used to be used in plants such as textile, wood, automotive and chemical industries where high operating temperatures such as industrial

6 heating, drying and cooking were desired. Today, due to the ease of Operation, Hot Oil operated systems are preferred instead of these systems. Especially not having high pressure (maximum pressure of 1 bar) is safer, there is no danger of corrosion. The investment cost of the system is less than that of steamy or superheated systems.

7

3. FUTURE OF HEATING TECHNIQUE

In the coming years, environmental control requirements, comfort and economy will play a major role in the selection and application of heating installations. As the price of energy increases further in the future, more emphasis will be placed on thermal insulation of buildings and the use of solar energy. In this case, the heat required for the unit volume will be much less in the future than it is today. The boiler and heater capacities required for the same volume will be smaller than those used today. Applications of fuel oil or coal-burning regional heating system with fluidized beds will be made in public housing in areas where natural gas cannot be reached. Compound heat plants, where electricity and heat are produced together in large capacities, will be widely used. Incineration systems will develop, as more precise restrictions will be placed on harmful waste from incineration systems. Heating circuits that can measure as much heat as each individual user spends will be made and these will be equipped with appropriate measuring devices. Individual heating systems using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) will be preferred in villa-type residential areas away from the city center. Natural gas will become widespread due to its automatic control, easy to burn and clean. In places where natural gas is available, individual heating (boiler or floor heating) application will increase in relatively small capacities due to the independent use requests of our people. Compound heat plants with gas turbines burning natural gas at large capacity public housing sites will be on the agenda. In this way, these public housing units will independently generate their required heat while also providing their electricity. Heat economy as well as the request for more comfortable heating from floor, wall or classical heater will cause the heater fluid temperature to decrease. Therefore, installations operating at lower temperatures will be made instead of the classic 90/70 °C hot water, where high-efficiency low-temperature boilers (condensing boilers) will be used.

8

4. THERMAL COMFORT

It is very difficult to make a complete definition of comfort. A generally accepted definition is given as" the case that man has no problem with his environment". Thermal comfort is the absence of a shortage of heat and other weather conditions, especially in an environment. It does not affect the temperature of the dry thermometer of air only into the comfort of a person. Humidity, speed, wall temperature of the current environment and cleaning of the air are other variables that affect comfort. a) The Dry thermometer temperature of the environment makes the most important effect on thermal comfort. This low temperature radiation, conduction and convection heat losses increases or decreases. b) Relative humidity of the environment also makes the second most important effect on comfort. This change it acts on the heat passed through evaporation. Moist air has a lot of impact from dry air at the same temperature. c) Air movements in the environment reduce the heat passed by Transport and increase the comfort is able to affect. Especially in low temperatures, air movements are very uncomfortable. d) The Wall temperature of the environment decreases the heat transfer by radiation and increases the comfort it can be effective on. Even if the dry thermometer temperature of the environment is high, because of the extremely low wall temperatures, the human body feels uncomfortable because it will lose heat through radiation. e) The content of the inhaled air is also a factor for comfort. The air is clean enough you must have. Especially in terms of heat economy, reduction of enfiltration (air leakage) losses should be taken into consideration that it will also reduce fresh air intakes. In general, homes do not need forced ventilation, where natural ventilation or deceleration of Windows may be sufficient. But cinemas, theatres, restaurants and general office buildings often require forced ventilation.

9 In addition to the external effects listed here, the way people wear, climate habits, psychological situations, social lives, whether they are young, old, male or female are some of the other variables that affect comfort. Since there are so many variables, it is difficult to make a point of determining environmental conditions for thermal comfort. With the experiments conducted on various people in the United States, a region characterizing comfort was defined by using dry thermometer temperature and relative humidity variables, which mainly affect comfort.

10

5. HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS

Heat loss calculations will be performed in two stages. In the first phase, before starting heat loss calculations, the data that will constitute the basis for heat loss calculations should be determined. The data collection process will include admissions and selections. In the second phase, in the light of this data collected, heat loss (transmission) and air leak heat loss (enfiltration) from the structural components are calculated separately and the total of these will give the actual heat loss.

5.1. COLLECTION OF DATA BASED ON HEAT LOSSES 5.1.1. Structure-Related Data The city, district, district, street name and street number of the building are written. The condition of the structure being free or compound order is specified. On the status plan, the status of the structure and the north direction are written. With the volumes to be heated in the structure, the names of the volumes that are not to be heated, their purpose of use, the floor and room numbers appropriate to the architectural project, the floor heights are shown separately. 5.1.2. External and Internal Temperature Values to Be Taken into Account a) External Temperature: The external temperature values to be taken into account in the heating installation project to be designed based on meteorological observations for many years are given in Annex III-1 according to provinces and districts. The letters R in this chart indicate windy regions. The external temperature to be taken into account for the city of Istanbul in this project is -3 °C R. a) Internal Temperature: If there is no special case, the projecting internal temperatures of the volumes requested to be reduced 1 can be taken from the chart in Annex III-2. Internal temperatures of non-

11 heated volumes surrounded by adjacent volumes can be taken from Annex III-3. In this project, bath 24 °C, hall 15 °C and other areas were taken as 20 °C. 5.1.3. Total Heat Transfer Coefficients of Building Components Used in buildings, sand, cement, stone, brick build-up, Lime, iron, wood, glass etc. materials are called Building Materials. By mixing several of these in certain proportions, new materials of different properties such as concrete, mortar and plaster are obtained...