KEY - Study Questions 152 Vertebrate Anatomy Three - Comparative Verte Anatomy PDF

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KEY STUDY QUESTIONS BIOLOGY 152/153 – I: VERTEBRATE ANATOMY III – Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy 1. What four characteristics do all chordates share in common? i.

ii. iii.

iv.

2. Use       

notochord - A longitudinal, flexible rod of cartilage located between the digestive track and the nerve cord, and is found in the embryo of all chordates, plays a role in signaling and coordinating the development of the nerve cord  in earlier chordates, serves as structural support against which muscles can contract – movement  in later chordates, only remnants remain in adult dorsal, hollow, nerve cord – an elongate tube that lies dorsal to the notochord. The nerve cord of chordate embryos develops into the brain and spinal cord. pharyngeal slits - openings alongside the pharynx that open to outside of the body. These openings allow water entering the mouth to leave the body without first passing through the entire digestive tract.  in aquatic chordates, modified into gills  in terrestrial cordates, are transient structures muscular post-anal tail - The post-anal tail is present in all embryonic chordates, and in many chordate groups, remains in the adult form where it plays a role in locomotion.

the following listed characteristics and animals to fill in blanks on the phylogenetic tree: dry scaly skin or feathers jaws birds and crocodiles true limbs with digits cartilaginous skeleton bony fish amniotic egg

non-vertebrate chordates

lampreys

sharks and rays

bony fish

amphibians

turtles

lizards and snakes

birds and crocs

mammals

hair modified bicuspid teeth rasping tongue

pelvic claspers (males) for internal fertilzation

dry-scaly skin or feathers amniotic egg

true limbs with digits bony skeleton swim bladder/lungs

jaws vertebrae

cartilaginous skeleton notochord post-anal tail pharyngeal slits dorsal hollow nerve cord

mammary glands

3. List     

5 evolutionary trends in vertebrates fins to limbs modifications in the musculoskeletal system increasing complexity in the nervous system modifications in the respiratory/circulatory systems including gill to lungs and ectothermic to endothermic nature of the egg, non-amniotic to amniotic

4. What is an amniotic egg? An egg that is water-tight and has four extra-embryonic membranes that serve to protect and nourish the developing embryo. Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, birds, and mammals all have amniotic eggs. 5. What is the difference between ectothermic vs. endothermic? What vertebrates are endothermic? What is necessary to maintain endothermy (modifications of respiratory/circulatory system)? The body temperature of animals that are ectothermic varies with environmental temperatures (body temp dependent on environmental temp). Endothermic animals have a constant body temperature independent from changes in environmental temperature. All vertebrates are ectothermic except for birds and mammals that are endotherms. Maintaining a constant body temperature requires a more efficient respiratory/circulatory system due to the greater demand for oxygen. Thus, the lungs of birds and mammals are greatly elaborated compared to endothermic lungs and/or gills.

6. What is a cloaca? The cloaca is an opening linked to the tubing of the excretory, digestive, and reproductive system. 7. What is osmoregulation and what organ plays a large role in osmoregulation? Osmoregulation is the balancing of the uptake and loss of water and solutes. The kidney plays a large role in osmoregulation.

8. Match the following characteristics on the right to the vertebrates on the left. Use each characteristic ONLY once. lamprey ______C

A. body encased in protective shell; head, limbs, and tail are free

shark ______G

B. dry-scaly skin, no feathers

bony fish ______E

C. rasping tongue and a funnel-shaped round sucking mouth

amphibian ______H

D. mammary glands

turtle ______A

E. swim bladder

lizard ______B

F. feathers

bird ______F

G. pelvic claspers for internal fertilization, only found on males

mammal _______D

H. semi-terrestrial, skin moist – can breathe through skin

9. MORE MATCHING lamprey ______B

A. hollow bones

shark ______D

B. retain notochord

bony fish ______F

C. metamorphosis

amphibian ______C

D. cartilaginous skeleton, but not an ectoparasite

bird ______A

E. hair

mammal _______E

F. anal fin...