Summer study for Anatomy PDF

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Chapter 4 of Anatomy and Physiology Skin and Body Membranes There are two membranes, but before we get into discussing the two membranes, let us first define it. The membrane is a thin layer of tissue that surrounds an organ or tissue, lining a cavity, and forms a protective sheet around organs. Cavity-is a hollow enclosed area, e.g. abdominal cavity or buccal cavity (mouth). Empty Spaces. -They protect delicate organs, e.g. the brain. -Allow organs to change the size, e.g. expand and contract. -Two main cavities: dorsal and ventral body cavity -Dorsal body cavity contains the cranial cavity (formed by the skull, encloses the brain) and the spinal/vertebral cavity (formed by vertebrae encloses the spinal cord) -Ventral body cavity: can be divided into the abdominopelvic cavity and the thoracic  cavity (both are separated by the diaphragm). It has the internal organs which are known as the viscera Thoracic cavity- There exists the left pleural cavity and the right  pleural cavity. Each of these cavities encloses the lungs. Between each of the pleural cavities there exists the pericardial cavity, and it encloses the heart. Superior the pericardial cavity there exists the mediastinum In the abdominopelvic cavity there exists the abdominal cavity, and it contains the stomach, spleen, liver, large intestine, small intestine, kidneys, etc. The pelvic cavity includes  the bladder, rectum, and internal reproductive organs

Body Membranes They fall into two groups: epithelial membrane and the connective tissue membrane Epithelial membrane include the cutaneous (skin), mucous, and serous membrane The connective tissue membrane include the synovial membrane Cutaneous membrane (skin): It is composed of two layers which are the superficial epidermis and the underlying dermis. The superficial epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium.

The dermis is mostly dense  fibrous connective tissue. The cutaneous membrane is obviously exposed to air and it is a dry membrane. It is the outermost protective boundary. Contains keratin allows waterproof. The epidermis contains cells known as keratinocytes (Kerat-No-Cytes) or keh· that gives structure, durability, and is waterproof. Melanocyte is another cell, synthesizes melanin which is the pigment that gives melanin There are some immune system cells in the epidermis as well, such as the dendritic/Langerhans cells that ingest the unwanted invaders.

Mucous membrane: -Moist membrane -It lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface -Adapted for absorption and excretion Serous membrane: -Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body -Occurs in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a visceral and parietal layer -The parietal is on the outside https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGoakiTAW5A The epidermis is made of 4/5 layers A useful mnemonic to remember the epidermal layers: Come, let’s get sun burned. From top to bottom the first layer, that is the thickest, is the stratum corneum. The cells in the stratum corneum are dead, flat, and filled with keratin. -Next is the stratum lucidom. But remember this, the stratum lucidum only exists in thick skin like soles of your feet and the palms of your hands. It is a clear/translucent layer -The next layer is the stratum granulosom. It contains flattened diamond shape cells -The next layer is the stratum spinosum -Then is stratum basale...