Lab Practical 1 Study Guide Weeks 1-4 6-7 Labs 1-6 PDF PDF

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Summary

The first lab practical (half the course's material). Textbook: McKinley, O'Laughin, Bidle. Laboratory manual: Marieb & Smith. Covers both the anatomy and physiology. Lecture, lab, and textbook notes when compiling the summary into a study guide. Study guide includes terms, definitions, examples, an...

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Lab Practical Study Guide Lab #1

Endocrine organs: Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)

Secondary endocrine organs and tissues: Small intestine Adipose tissue Gonads Skin Thymus Hypothalamus Liver Kidneys Stomach Pancreas Hypothalamus → TRH → Pituitary → TSH → Thyroid → Thyroxine

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Someone who has undergone a thyroidectomy would need injections of T3 and T4. Their O2, metabolism, and weight would need to be monitored

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Administering TSH to someone with a thyroidectomy would show no effect on metabolic rate as they have no thyroid for the hormone to act on. Likewise, administering propylthiouracil, which inhibits thyroxine, would have no effect on the metabolic rate of someone who has undergone either a thyroidectomy or hypophysectomy.

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A patient with fasting plasma glucose levels (FPG) greater than or equal to 126mg/dl in two FPG is diagnosed with diabetes.

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Lab #2

Endocrine System Figure shows location and function of endocrine system organs. Not pictured are the heart and stomach. The kidneys are pictured but not labeled. • The thymus is not very pronounced in adulthood.

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Anterior (adenohypophysis) vs. Posterior (neurohypophysis) Pituitary • •

There are more cells in the anterior pituitary, so it usually stains darker The anterior pituitary is made entirely of cells, while the posterior pituitary contains few cells and a lot of nerve processes

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Thyroid gland (follicles and para-follicular cells) • •

Stored T3 and T4 are attached to the protein colloidal material stored in the follicles as thyroglobulin The parafollicular cells produce calcitonin

Parathyroid gland • •

Parathyroid cells synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH) The function of the scattered, much larger oxyphil cells is unknown

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Adrenal glands (cortex vs. medulla) •

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Cortex is the outer portion just underneath the capsule o Zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids and its cells are arranged in spherical clusters o Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids and its cells are arranged in parallel cords o Zona reticularis produces sex hormones and some glucocorticoids with branching cells that stain intensely Medulla is the innermost portion that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine with cells that are arranged in clumps and which stain lightly

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Pancreas (islet vs. exocrine portion)

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Positive vs. Negative Feedback • • •

Positive Feedback Amplifies change Results in more product Moves away from a target point

EXAMPLES: - B LOOD CLOTTING - CHILDBIRTH - DIGESTION

• • •

Negative Feedback Reduces change Results in less product Moves towards a target

EXAMPLES: - TEMPERATURE REGULATION - BP REGULATION (BAROREFLEX) - OSMOREGULATION

Stimulus → Sensor → Control Center → Effector

❖ Hormone—regulatory chemical messenger transported in tissue fluids such as blood to stimulate specific cells or tissues • Act on specific target sites • Hormones may have antagonistic relationships to control concentrations of substances in the body. The antagonistic hormones have opposite actions on the body. EXAMPLE : INSULIN AND GLUCAGON

o Tropic hormone—stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones ▪

Humoral regulation—hormones may be released in response to a change in extracellular fluids. A humoral stimulus prompts the release of the hormone to bring the body back to homeostasis.

EXAMPLE : A RISE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TRIGGERS THE PANCREATIC RELEASE OF INSULIN. INSULIN CAUSES THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO DROP, WHICH SIGNALS THE PANCREAS TO STOP PRODUCING LEVELS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP.

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Blood Cells A centrifuged sample of blood contains the whole blood product, comprised of the plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes. The formed elements are the buffy coat and erythrocytes. The buffy coat contains the platelets (150-400k/cc) and leukocytes (4.511k/cc). Leukocytes include the agranular monocytes (when inside a vessel) or macrophages (when outside of a vessel), lymphocytes of which there are two types: T-cells and B-cells, and the granular neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Erythrocytes are red blood cells.

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Plasma is the most abundant substance Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte Basophils are the least abundant leukocyte

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

ABO/RH Blood Typing Antigens for the blood types of A, B, and AB will be present on the surface of the cell. O will display neither antigen. Antibodies will be present for the opposite type. O will carry both A and B antibodies. Antibodies will never be present for self. Agglutination, the process of clumping, will show a positive result for that blood type. IF AGGLUTINATION OCCURS WHEN ANTI -A SERUM IS ADDED, THE PERSON MUST HAVE A ANTIGENS AND THEREFORE TYPE A OR POSSIBLY TYPE AB BLOOD . IF AGGLUTINATION ALSO OCCURS FOR ANTI -B SERUM, THEN THE PERSON IS TYPE AB. IF AGGLUTINATION ONLY OCCURRED FOR AN TI -A, THEN THE PERSON WOULD BE TYPE A. NO AGGLUTINATION WILL OCCUR FOR EITHER ANTI SERUM IF THE PERSON IS TYPE O.

Reaction Anti-A Serum Anti-B Serum Agglutination No Agglutination No Agglutination Agglutination Agglutination Agglutination No Agglutination No Agglutination

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Blood Type A B AB O

Lab #3

Heart Blood Flow Body → Superior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lung → Pulmonary Vein → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body

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Deoxygenated blood enters the IVC and SVC from the body and brain respectively, which goes to the lungs for oxygenation Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the PV for systemic circulation to the body The aorta pumps the now oxygenated blood to the body Arteries carry blood away from the heart Veins carry blood to the heart

Anatomy • The top of the heart is the base • The bottom tip of the heart is the apex

Lab #4

Heart EKG

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Lab #5

Arteries and Veins

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019

Lab #6

Blood Pressure ❖ Blood Pressure—pressure exerted by blood against vessel walls → generally measured in arteries • Heart alternately contracts and relaxes causing BP to rise and fall as it flows through arteries o Systolic—(top #) pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular contraction o Diastolic—(bottom #) pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation • Measured in mmHG ▪

Sphygmomanometer—“blood pressure cuff: obtains BP readings by auscultatory method • Listen for sounds of Korotkoff

❖ Pulse Pressure—amount of blood forced from the heart during systole (𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ) − (𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ) ❖ Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)—Average BP during a single cardiac cycle 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 3

Materials developed by Amy Lynn Gagliano Spring 2019...