Linguistique contrastive anglais - table des matières PDF

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Linguistique contrastive anglais-franais

Table des matières SESSION 1 : GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................2 LANGUAGE CONTACT...............................................................................................................................3 CASES OF LANGUAGE CONTACT (ENGLISH- FRENCH) – PRESENT-DAY EXAMPLE........................................................3 CASES OF LANGUAGE CONTACT (ENGLISH- FRENCH) – HISTORICAL EXAMPLE..........................................................3 BEFORE 1250............................................................................................................................................ 3 AFTER 1250.............................................................................................................................................. 3 BORROWINGS – DIFFERENT SETS.............................................................................................................3 - DOUBLETS (WORDS THAT ARE BORROWED TWICE) E.G. WARRANTY/GUARANTEE, WARDEN/GUARDIAN, CATCH/CHASE...3 - DOUBLETS OF ANOTHER KIND (ONE NATIVE, ONE BORROWED) E.G. ANIMAL NAMES...............................................3 OTHER CALQUES OR LOAN TRANSLATIONS......................................................................................................... 3 FRENCH INFLUENCE ON MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX.....................................................................................3 CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS – MAIN CHARACTERISTICS.........................................................................................3 HYPOTHESIS OF COMPARABILITY..................................................................................................................... 3 SESSION 2 AND 3 ...............................................................................................................................3 NOTION OF EQUIVALENCE........................................................................................................................3 THE PHASES OF TRANSLATION.................................................................................................................3 TYPES AND DEGREES OF EQUIVALENCE......................................................................................................4 DIRECT EQUIVALENCE...................................................................................................................................4 INDIRECT...................................................................................................................................................4 IDIOMATIC EQUIVALENCE..............................................................................................................................4 A. SYNTAX.......................................................................................................................................4 I. CANONICAL ORDER...................................................................................................................................4 II. SYNTACTIC JUXTAPOSITION........................................................................................................................5 COMPLEX EXAMPLE.....................................................................................................................................5 III. COORDINATION IN ENGLISH VS JUXTAPOSITION / SUBORDINATION IN FRENCH....................................................5 IV. OTHER SYNTACTIC FEATURES.....................................................................................................................5 B. RESULTATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS.............................................................................................................5 V. PUNCTUATION........................................................................................................................................5 SESSION 4 AND 5 ...............................................................................................................................5 ENGLISH = VERB-BASED LG....................................................................................................................5 1. VERB-BASED LG (ENGL) VS NOUN-BASED LG (FR): NOMINALISATION..............................................................5 CASES OF TRANSPOSITION INVOLVING ENGLISH VERBS..................................................................................6 1. MODAL AUXILIARY (ENGL) => ADVERB (FR).................................................................................................6 2. VERB (ENGL) => ADVERBIAL CLAUSE (FR)....................................................................................................6 3. VERB / AUXILIARY (ENGL) => INTERJECTION (FR)..........................................................................................6 4. VERB (ENGL) => PREPOSITION (FR)............................................................................................................6

SPECIAL CASE OF VERB-DERIVED NOUNS......................................................................................................6 1. VERB-DERIVED NOUN (ENGL) => DEFINITION (FR).........................................................................................6 2. SG VERB-DERIVED NOUN (ENGL) => PL FORM (FR).......................................................................................6 SPECIAL CASE OF ENGLISH VERB-DERIVED ADJECTIVES...................................................................................6 CASES OF TRANSPOSITION INVOLVING FRENCH NOUNS..................................................................................6 CASES OF TRANSPOSITION INVOLVING NEITHER A FRENCH NOUN NOR AN ENGLISH VERB ......................................6 COUNTER-EXAMPLES...................................................................................................................................6 CASES OF DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION – PHRASAL VERBS AND RESULTATIVE STRUCTURES..........................................6 CONTRASTIVE USE OF TENSES.................................................................................................................6 ENGL SUBORDINATING CLAUSES (INCLUDING CONJUGATED VERBS)........................................................................6 USE OF WOULD..........................................................................................................................................6 USE OF TENSES AFTER WHEN/WHILE/AS SOON AS, ETC.......................................................................................6 CONTRASTIVE TABLE....................................................................................................................................6 -ING FORM...........................................................................................................................................6 1. ADJECTIVE VS CONTINUOUS FORM..............................................................................................................6 2. ADJECTIVE VS GERUND.............................................................................................................................6 3. CONTINUOUS FORM VS GERUND................................................................................................................6 4. -ING FORM = CONJUCTION OR PREPOSITION.................................................................................................6 5. EMPHASIS..............................................................................................................................................6 6. SPECIFIC SITUATIONS (TO SEE, TO HEAR).......................................................................................................6 7. ING FORM = FUTURE................................................................................................................................6 8. ING FORM VS INFINITIVE (WITHOUT TO) AFTER MODAL AUXILIARIES...................................................................6 9. ING FORM VS INFINITIVE (WITH TO) AFTER CERTAIN VERBS...............................................................................6 10. ING FORM (AFTER PREPOSITION TO) VS INFINITIVE (WITH TO).........................................................................6 PASSIVE VOICE....................................................................................................................................7 NEW PIECES OF INFORMATION .......................................................................................................................7 ENGL VERB PHRASES INCLUDING A PREPOSITION................................................................................................7 ENLG ELLIPTIC PASSIVE FORMS (SYNTACTIC OMISSION OF TO BE + RELATIVE PRONOUN).............................................7 CONTRASTIVE USE OF PREPOSITIONS..........................................................................................................7 TRANSITIVE VS INTRANSITIVE VERBS................................................................................................................7 SPECIAL STRUCTURES...................................................................................................................................7

Session 1 : General introduction Contrastive linguistics = a kind of linguistics that aims at comparing a relatively small set of languages (here: English and French) with regard to specific parts of their morpho-syntax, phonology or lexicon; should be distinguished from related fields of study (3).

Related field of study: Comparative linguistics Related field of study: Typological research Related field of study: Contact linguistics

Language contact Cases of language contact (English- French) – Present-day example Cases of language contact (English- French) – Historical example Before 1250 After 1250

Borrowings – Different sets - doublets (words that are borrowed twice) e.g. warranty/guarantee, warden/guardian, catch/chase => 2 periods of borrowing (cf. ModE pronunciation):before the 13

th

c and after the 13

th

c.

- doublets of another kind (one native, one borrowed) e.g. animal names other calques or loan translations

French influence on morphology and syntax Contrastive linguistics – Main characteristics Hypothesis of comparability

Session 2 and 3 Notion of equivalence The phases of translation Translation = mental operation based on 3 phases: interpretation; ‘deverbalisation’; ‘rewording’.

Types and degrees of equivalence Direct equivalence Indirect Idiomatic equivalence

A. SYNTAX I. Canonical order Exceptions – Cases of syntactic inversion (SV) in English (high register) 1. After a ‘negative adverb’ 2. After some other adverbs 3. After there (// idea of place) 4. After as (comparisons) 5. After so (+ adjective or adverb) / such 6. After Had, Should and Were 7. After verbs like to say/reply, etc. (reported speech) - See supra 8. After an adjective or an adverb (literary style) Exceptions – Cases of syntactic inversion (SV) in English (lower register) 1. After Neither / Nor/So 2. After here or a particle indicating movement No syntactic inversion (SV) in English When the subject is a personal pronoun In indirect interrogative clauses In relatives After perhaps / maybe / so Other types of inversion (D SV) in English -> Emphasis laid on: 1. the complement 2. the adverbial particle 3. the subject 4. a clause Cases of elliptic sentences in English 1. Verb-free sentences 2. Omission of to be (and other items) in newspaper headlines / journalese 3. Omission of relative pronouns (a) In defining clauses (pronoun = complement) (b) Pronoun used with a preposition (placed at the end of the sentence) (c) After There is... (pronoun = subject) (d) Pronoun + be: passive voice in non-defining clauses (pronoun = subject) 4. Omission of personal pronouns (subjects) 5. Non-repeated verbs or verb phrases Ambiguous case 6. Question tags (main verb not repeated) 7. Omission in possessive cases (a) Substantive mentioned before

(b) Substantive mentioned later in the sentence

II. Syntactic juxtaposition Complex example III. Coordination in English vs Juxtaposition / subordination in French IV. Other syntactic features

B. Resultative constructions (a) Examples involving adjectives (b) Examples involving prepositional groups V. Punctuation 1. Affected by the English and the French LGs’ respective reluctance and tendency to juxtapose (a) Use of , (French) > ; (English) (b) Use of : (French) > – / linking words (English) NB: other cases in which French will replace the English – (dash) or (hyphen) by other punctuation marks, i.e. (a) by suspension points (b) by parentheses (c) by quotation marks (case of lexical > syntactic juxtaposition) 2. Cases in which the use of punctuation (especially commas) modifies the meaning (both in English and in French) (a) Potential ambiguities: lists of adjectives (b) Enumerations (c) Scope of adverbs (d) Embedded clauses (e) Defining vs non-defining clauses (f) Active vs passive

Session 4 and 5 English = verb-based LG 1. Verb-based LG (Engl) vs noun-based LG (Fr): Nominalisation

Cases of transposition involving English verbs 1. 2. 3. 4.

Modal auxiliary (Engl) => adverb (Fr) Verb (Engl) => adverbial clause (Fr) Verb / auxiliary (Engl) => interjection (Fr) Verb (Engl) => preposition (Fr)

Special case of verb-derived nouns 1. Verb-derived noun (Engl) => definition (Fr) 2. SG verb-derived noun (Engl) => PL form (Fr)

Special case of English verb-derived adjectives Cases of transposition involving French nouns Cases of transposition involving neither a French noun nor an English verb Counter-examples Engl verb phrase (verb+noun) => Fr verb (no recategorization) Cases in which there is only a change in grammatical subcategory Modulations involving a passage from the abstract to the concrete (or conversely)

Cases of double transposition – Phrasal verbs and resultative structures Contrastive use of tenses Engl subordinating clauses (including conjugated verbs) Use of would Use of tenses after when/while/as soon as, etc Contrastive table

-Ing form 1. Adjective vs continuous form 2. Adjective vs gerund 3. Continuous form vs gerund 4. -ing form = conjuction or preposition 5. Emphasis 6. Specific situations (to see, to hear) 7. ing form = future 8. ing form vs infinitive (without to) after modal auxiliaries 9. ing form vs infinitive (with to) after certain verbs a) to try b) to remember, to forget, to regret. c) to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to loathe, etc d) to stop, to start, to go on, etc 10. ing form (after preposition to) vs infinitive (with to)

Passive voice New pieces of information Engl verb phrases including a preposition Enlg elliptic passive forms (syntactic omission of to be + relative pronoun) Preposition to following Engl passive forms Engl passive forms vs to be + past participles Inanimate subjects + animate verbs: mostly Fr (=Engl passive)

Contrastive use of prepositions Transitive vs intransitive verbs Special structures...