Micro+Unit+1+USLO+Study This is unit one study guide, it helps with the discussion board and quiz PDF

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This is unit one study guide, it helps with the discussion board and quiz...

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Introduction*to*Microbiology* •

History(of(Microbiology((USLO(1.1)( o

Cell(theory(–(cells(are(basic(unit(of(life( o

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3(tenets( •

Tenet(1(-(Living organisms are made up of one or more cells.(

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Tenet 2 - Living cells arise from pre-existing cells.(

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Tenet 3 - Cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function of living organisms.(

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Hooke(–(First(to(observe(cells((called(them(little(boxes(=(cells)(

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Virchow(–(Popularized(Cell(Theory(by(stating(that(cells(give(rise(to(other(cells(

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Van(Leeuwenhoek(–(First(to(observe(bacteria(and(protozoa((microbes).((Called( them(animalcules.(((

Spontaneous(generation(vs.(Biogenesis( o

Spontaneous(generation(–(old(idea(that(life(can(come(from(non-living(matter( (refuted(by(Redi(and(Pasteur)(

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Biogenesis(–(Life(comes(from(life(

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Pasteur(–(Refuted(spontaneous(generation(using(the(swan(neck(flask(experiment.(

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Redi(–(17th(century.((Experiment(with(maggots(on(meat.((Meat(in(a(sealed( container(that(did(not(come(into(contact(with(flies(did(not(generate(maggots.(( Refutes(spontaneous(generation(

Endosymbiotic(theory( o

Symbiosis(is(a(relationship(between(organisms(

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The(endosymbiotic*theory(states(that(mitochondria(and(chloroplasts(arose(as(a( result(of(prokaryotic(cells(establishing(a(symbiotic(relationship(within(a(eukaryotic( host.(

Relationship(between(Microbiology(and(Medicine((USLO(1.2)( o

Germ(theory(of(disease( o

The(germ(theory(of(disease,(states(that(many(diseases(may(result(from(microbial( infection.(The(work(of(several(scientists(and(physicians(contributed(to(the(germ( theory(of(disease(linking(microbes(to(the(spread(of(disease.(

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Lister(–(Proposed(that(microbes(can(result(in(infection,(investigated(this( phenomenon(in(post-operative(care.((Introduced(the(use(of(disinfectants(and( antiseptics(in(surgery.(

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Semmelweis(–((Observed(that(midwives(washed(hands(and(maternity(wards(didn’t( have(as(many(infections(as(wards(where(non-handwashing(medical(students(were( working.((He(introduced(the(idea(of(handwashing(to(prevent(transfer(of(disease( from(physicians(to(patients(

Koch’s(Postulates( o

Koch(–(scientist(that(established(a(protocol(that(connects(the(causative(microbe(to( an(infection((Koch’s(postulates).((Was(studying(Bacillus(antrhacis((Anthrax)(in(cows.( •

Established(the(idea(of(one(microbe(causes(one(disease.(

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Koch’s(postulates( 1. The(suspected(pathogen(must(be(found(in(every(case(of(disease(and( not(be(found(in(healthy(individuals.(( 2. The(suspected(pathogen(can(be(isolated(and(grown(in(pure(culture.(( 3. A(healthy(test(subject(infected(with(the(suspected(pathogen(must( develop(the(same(signs(and(symptoms(of(disease(as(seen(in( postulate.( 4. The(pathogen(must(be(re-isolated(from(the(new(host(and(must(be( identical(to(the(pathogen(from(postulate(2.(

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Concept(of(chemotherapy( o

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Chemotherapy(–(use(of(a(small(molecule(that(has(antimicrobial(properties(to(treat( disease( •

Pathogen(–(microbe(that(causes(disease(

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Normal(Flora(–(microbe(that(resides(symbiotically(with(host.((Most(likely( benefits(the(host(somehow.(

Fleming(–(discovered(penicillin(by(observing(the(growth(of(bacteria(on(plates( contaminated(with(mold.((Mold(prevented(bacterial(growth,(thus(was(the(source(of( penicillin.( •

True(antibiotic(is(a(natural(antibacterial(compound(produced(by(fungi(or( other(bacteria(

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Semi-synthetic(antibiotic(is(a(chemically(modified(true(antibiotic.(

Ehrlich(–(developed(chemicals(that(would(kill(microbes(without(harming(humans.(

Binomial(nomenclature:(How(to(write(a(scientific(name((USLO(1.3)( o

Taxonomy(–(Science(of(naming(and(classifying(living(organisms(

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Carolus(Linnaeus(–(Father(of(taxonomy((

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First(word(is(called(the(Genus(and(first(letter(is(always(capitalized(

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Second(word(is(called(the(specific(epithet((

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All(letters(italicized((

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Example:((Homo$sapiens$(

Three(domains(of(life((ring(of(life)( o

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Binomial(Nomenclature(–(two-word(naming(system(with(following(rules(

Domain(is(the(broadest(category(in(taxonomy.((The(three(domains(are:( o

Archaea(–(Prokaryotic(with(pseudopeptidoglycan(cell(walls(and(many(live(in( extreme(environments(

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Bacteria(–(Prokaryotic(with(peptidoglycan(cell(walls((

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Eukarya(–(Eukaryotic(cells(with(a(nucleus(and(membrane(bound(organelles.(

Major(groups(of(microorganisms(and(biodiversity(( o

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Acellular((viruses,(viroids,(and(prions)( o

Virus(–(made(of(nucleic(acids(and(proteins((called(capsid)(

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Viroids(–(infectious(circular(RNA(

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Prion(–(infection(proteins,(common(pathology(from(prion(is(degradation(of( affected(tissue(giving(sponge-like(appearance.(((

Prokaryotic((Eubacteria(and(Archaea)( o

Bacteria(–(prokaryotic((lack(a(nucleus),(no(organelles,(peptidoglycan(in(cell(wall( with(lipopolysaccharides,(grow(in(moderate(environments(and(found(widely(across( the(planet(

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Archaea(–(prokaryotic,(lack(a(nucleus,(pseudopeptidoglycan(in(cell(wall,(many( times(found(in(extreme(environments((high(heat,(methane(gas,(sulfur(gas,(etc)(

Eukaryotic((algae,(fungi,(protozoa,(Helminths)( o

Algae(–(single(celled((but(grow(in(a(variety(of(colonies),(photosynthetic(

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Protozoa(–(single(celled(animal(like(organism,(classified(by(motility((Flagella,(cilia,( etc)(

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Fungi(–(Yeasts(and(Molds,(Chitin(in(cell(wall,(some(single(cell(examples,(but(most( are(multi-cellular,(decomposers(

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Helminths(–(Worms,(multicellular(eukaryotic(organisms,(produce(eggs(to(transmit( between(hosts.(

Kingdoms(in(the(domain(Eukarya(

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Protista(–(Contains(Protozoa(and(Algae(

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Fungi(–(Contains(molds(and(yeast(

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Plantae(–(Contains(Plants((not(really(covered(in(Micro)(

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Animalia(–(Contains(animals,(helminths(are(relevant(organism(for(Micro(

Basic(microbiological(methods((USLO(1.4)( o

Microscopy(techniques(and(their(uses( o

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Magnification(–(the(ability(to(enlarge(the(image(of(an(object(

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Resolution(–(the(ability(to(distinguish(separate(structures/features(

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Brightfield(-(The(brightfield(microscope(is(the(most(commonly(used(type(of( microscope.(It(is(a(compound(microscope(with(two(or(more(lenses(that(produce(a( dark*image*on*a*bright*background.(Can*be*used*to*view*live*specimen.(

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Darkfield(-(A(darkfield(microscope(is(a(brightfield(microscope(that(has(a(small(but( significant(modification(to(the(condenser(that(results(in(an(image(that(shows(bright* objects*on*a*dark*background.(Can*be*used*to*view*live*specimen.(

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Phase(contrast(-(Phase-contrast(microscopes(use(refraction(and(interference(to( create(high-contrast,(high-resolution(images(without*staining.(

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Fluorescent(-(A(fluorescence(microscope(uses(fluorescent*chromophores*which* are*capable*of*absorbing*energy*from*a*light*source*and*then*emitting*this*energy* as*visible*light*which(creates(contrast.(

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Electron(microscope(-(Electron(microscopes((EM)(use(short-wavelength*electron* beams*rather(than(light(to(increase(magnification(and(resolution.(The(two(basic( types(of(EM(are(the(transmission(electron(microscope((TEM;*viewing*subcellular* structures)(and(the(scanning(electron(microscope((SEM;*viewing*surface*cellular* structures).(

Standard(units(of(measure(used(in(Microbiology( o

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Magnification(vs(resolution(

Unit(conversions((micrometers,(nanometers)( •

1(micrometer(=(1000(nanometer(

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1(nanometer(=(0.001(micrometer(

Microbial(Staining(techniques( o

Simple(stains(–(use(a(single(dye(to(visualize(cell(shape(and(arrangement(

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Differential(stains(–(uses(multiple(dyes( •

Gram-stain(–(differentiate(cells(based(on(cell(wall(

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Gram(+(-(thick(outer(cell(wall(of(peptidoglycan(

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Gram(-(-(thin(cell(wall(of(peptidoglycan(covered(by(outer(membrane(

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Procedure:(

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Mordant(is(iodine,(which(fixes(crystal(violet(to( peptidoglycan(in(cell(wall.((Mordant(doesn’t(work(in(case(of( Gram(–(cells.((Thus,(alcohol(decolorization(removes(outer( membrane(and(any(crystal(violet(

Acid-fast(stain(-(It(is(able(to(differentiate(two(types(of(gram-positive(cells:( those(with(a(waxy*mycolic*acid(in(their(walls((Mycobacteria)(and(those( that(do(not.( •

Procedure( 1. Stain(with*Carbolfuchsin*(Red)( 2. Decolorize(non-acid(fast(bacteria(with(alcohol( 3. Counterstain(with(the(Kinyoun*stain*(Blue)(

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Capsule(stain(–(stains(capsule(if(present( •

Difficult*to*perform*because*capsule*doesn’t*readily*absorb*dyes.(( Must(use(mordant((positive(stain)(or(stain(background((negative( stain).(

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“Stained”(capsule(appears(as(halo*around*bacterial*cell(

Endospore(staining(–(detects(endospores(which(allow(for(survival(in( adverse(conditions( •

Malachite*green(is(applied(to(stain(spores(after(heat(treatment(to( allow(dye(to(penetrate(cell(

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After(washing,(a(counterstain*of*Safranin(is(applied(to(stain(cell( red/pink(around(endospore((

Flagella(staining( •

It(is(a*tedious*process*of*using*mordant*and*carbolfuschsin(to(build( the(diameter(of(the(flagellum(until(it(is(visible.((...