Mitschriften PDF

Preview

Summary

Mitschriften...

Description

Introduction to Linguistics 1: Morphosyntax Prof. Dr. Holger Diessel Veranstaltungsart:

Einführung

Zeit:

Fr 10:15 – 11:45

Raum: Sprechstunde

Do. 14:00

Email

[email protected]

Webpage

http://www.holger-diessel.de/

Readings The readings can be downloaded from word wise: http://www.wordwise.uni-jena.de/ Password for this course: Intro_diessel Requirements Final exam (90min) Course schedule 22.10. Introduction 29.10. What is linguistics? – Reading 1 05.11. Language form, function and communication – Reading 2 [2 texts] 12.11. Sounds and sound systems – Reading 3 19.11. The structure of words – Reading 4 26.11. Morphological processes – Reading 5 03.12. Categories of form: word classes – Reading 6 10.12. The word classes of English I – Reading 7 17.12. The word classes of English II – Reading 7 07.01. Categories of form: phrases – Reading 8 14.01. Categories of form: clauses – Reading 9 21.01. Syntactic functions in the clause – Reading 10 28.01. The clause patterns of English – Reading 11 [+ 12] 04.02. Clause combinations I – Reading 13 11.02. Clause combinations II – Reading 13

1. Semester:

Syntax

2. Semester:

pragmatics, semantics

Grammatical categories ( Wortarten )

Parts-of-speech Verb

Verb

Zeit-Tätigkeitswort

bite, will plant, was, were destroyed

Noun

Substantiv

Nomen/Hauptwort

truth, echo, box, city, mouse

Pronoun

Pronomen

Fürwort

I, he, she, it, her, him, me, mine, yours

Adjective

Adjektiv

Eigenschaftswort

highlighted, dark, small, hideous, many

Adverb

Adverb

Umstandswort

„indicates manner, time, place, cause of,…” quickly, patiently, unfortunantely, today, boldy, consequently, therefore, finally,indeed

preposi tion

Präposition

Verhältniswort

on, beneath, against, besides, over, during without, along, under, for, of, in, aboard

conjunktion

Konjunktion

Bindewort

and, when, for, after, if, because, whether but also, not only, or, yet, before

interjection

Interjektion

Ausrufe-Empfindungswort

-convey emotions: Oh, no, hey, ouch…

article

Artikel

Geschlechtswort

a, an, the

Numerals

Numerals

Zahlwort

one, two, first, second, last, a lot of, many, some, nought, zero, twos, eighties, 1960s, high ninethies,

( Satzglieder )

Grammatical relations Subject

Subjekt

( Satzgegenstand )

Direct Object

direktes Objekt

( Satzergänzung – Akkusativ-/Genitiv-/Dativ- u. Präpositionalobjekt ) Boys love hokey.

Indir. object

(Both indirect and direct objects are present. Indirect objects are

indiektes. Objekt

placed immediately after the verb. Direct objects that are noun phrases follow the indirect object. ) Dad gave [(me) (a puc)]. Adverbial

Adverbialbestimmung

(Bestimmt die Umstände eines Geschehens und charakterisiert die Art und Weise einer Tätigkeit oder eines Vorgangs genauer. ) Every morning, to the bus staion, with the last power, cause of, At nice wether, so he falls,

Adjunct

(optional, or structurally dispensable, part of a sentence that. A

Attribut

attribute as a modifying form, word, or phrase which depends on another form, word, or phrase, being an element of clause structure with adverbial function.) John

killed

Bill

Subject predicator Object

in Central Park on Sunday. first adjunct

second adjunct

Adverbial adjunct

( removable )

John drank a beer in the park. ( locative adjunct )

Adverbial complement

(not removable )

John is in the park.

Complement

gebundene Ergänzung

( locative complement )

(The verb complements are a direct object and an objective complement. An objective complement is a noun or an adjective that occurs after the direct object and describes the direct object.) The class made [(me)(bilingual)].

Predicate

Prädikat

( Satzaussage, verbale Glieder ) He became a coach.

Primäre Satzglieder

( subject, Prädikat )

Sekundäre Satzglieder ( object, adverbial )

Adverb vs. Adverbiale Bestimmung Adverb

unveränderbare Wortart ( nicht deklinierbar, nicht konjugierbar), satzgliedfähig

adverbiale Best.

inhaltliche Erläuterungen des jeweiligen Prädikats hinsichtlich Ort, Zeit, Beschaffenheit, Grund / Ursache, Bedingung, Folge / Zweck .

"mittwochs" ist also einerseits Adverb, andrerseits im Satz "sie kommt mittwochs" selbstverständlich auch adverbiale Bestimmung. "am Mittwoch" (im ansonsten gleichen Satz) ist eine adverbiale Bestimmung aus Präposition und Substantiv.

( Wortgruppen )

Phrases –constituents Verb-phrase

(consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect objects, and any adverb, adverb phrases, or adverb clauses which happen to modify it. The predicate of a clause or sentence is always a verb phrase)

Noun-phrase

(A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or a group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.)

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language.

Syntax

(Satzbau)

The study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences – structure of the sentence Das Studium darum, wie Wörter kombiniert warden, um grammatikalische Sätze zu bilden – Struktur des Satzes

Morphology

(Wortbildungslehre)

The study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified. Das Studium der inneren Strukturen von Wörtern und wie sie verändert werden können

Semantic

(Bedeutungsfeld)

The study of the meaning of words and fixed word combinations, and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences. Die Untersuchung der Bedeutung der Wörter und festen Wortverbindungen und wie diese für eine Bedeutung der Sätze zu kombinieren sind.

Pragmatics The study of how utterances are used in communicative acts, and the role played by context and nonlinguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning Das Studium darüber, wie Äußerungen in kommunikativen Handlungen benutzt werden und die Rolle von Kontexten und nichtsprachlichen Kenntnissen in der Übertragung der Bedeutung.

Phonetics

(Lautlehre, Lautschrift)

The study of the physical properties of speech (or signed) production and perception Die Untersuchung der physikalischen Eigenschaften von Sprache, Produktion und Wahrnehmung

Phonology

(Lautlehre)

The study of sounds (or signs) as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning. Die Untersuchung der Laute (oder Zeichen) als separate, abstrakte Elemente im Verstand des Sprechers, was die Bedeutung differenziert.

Sociolinguistics The study of variation in language and its relationship with social factors. – Social aspects of the language Die Studie über die Variationen in der Sprache und ihre Beziehung mit sozialen Faktoren. – Soziale Aspekte der Sprache

Historical linguistics … or diachronic linguistics, the study of language change over time, like grammatical changes, … Historische oder diachronische Sprachwissenschaft ist die Studie der Sprachveränderungen mit der Zeit, wie grammaticalische Veränderungen

Computer linguistics The study of computational implementations of linguistic structures. Das Studium von computeralen Anwendungen von sprachlichen Strukturen.

Cognitive linguistics

(Erkenntnissprachwissenschaft)

“We are all prisoners of our language.” Wir sind alle Gefangene unserer Sprache. (Die Sprache beeinflusst das Denkvermögen)

Comparative linguistics

(vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft)

What is typical for our language? Was ist typisch für unsere Sprache?

What is linguistics?

Phonetcis: Phonology: Syntax: Morphology:

How to make a sound physical meaning of differences e.g. back / pack the arrangements in sentences the form of the word structure of the sentence

Misstakes Different to/from Irregardless

(not than) (regardless!!!, no “ir”)

Prescriptive vs. descriptive linguistics vorgeschrieben

beschreibend

normative = prescripted for a descriptive study there is no „correct“ or „incorrect“ (1) Wegen dem Wetter (2) Weil … der schläft noch (3) Dem seine Tante (4) Du brauchst nicht kommen (1) To boldly go where no man has gone before (2) I and me (3) Different than (4) Irregardless of

The linguistic approach to the study of language is descriptive. Annäherung

A linguists is like a social scientist study human (i.e. verbal) - behaviour and cognition. Verhalten

Language variation:  Regional  Social  age-related  gender-related

( Differences between man/woman , slang/to pontificate … )

Each speech-communication has variations.

British lift telly torch bonnet (of a car) boot (of a car) biscuits petrol lorry coach tin in hospital in university next day have got

Erkenntnis

American elevator TV flashlight hood trunk cookies gas truck bus can in the hospital in the university the next day have gotten

Linguistic norms are time-bound: Zeit-gebunden

(1) Im Walde (2) Ob des schlechten Wetters (3) Wegen des Wetters (4) Hopefully, we’ll be there in time for lunch.

(Hopefully at the beginning was wrong, no it is accepted)

(7) My car is being broken. (8) My house is being painted. (9) This problem is being discussed at today’s meeting. (10) My car is repairing. (11) My house is painting. (12) This problem is discussing today’s problem.

Some linguistics subfields Sociolinguistics

Middle german - in the middle part

( Hochdeutsch )

Low german

( Platt-(Nieder-)Deutsch )

-

- in the northern part

more similar to English than higher-german, cause people went to England in the 6’th century

African American English 1. Deletion of /r/ and /l/

-> guard

Löschung

2. Interdental fricative

-> dis

Zahnzwischenräume

3. Double negation

-> I don‘t know nothing

4. Be deletion

-> He nice, They mine

5. Habitual be

-> John be happy

gewöhnlich

6. Omission of gentive-s Auslassung

-> Peter car

Historical Linguistics 450-1066

Old English

( William ) a French speeking norman came – the normans spoke French, the others (95%) English → for a long time two languages

1066-1500

Middle English

1500-1700

Early Middle English

1700-present

Modern English

→ Finish is completely different Indo European languages:

Romance, Germanic, Slavic, Greek, Celtic (Scottish, Irish,…), Baltic, Armenia, Albania, Irania, Indic, Anatolian, Tocharian, Hungarian,Basque,Estonian,Finish Extinct (ausgestorben)

Romances:

from Latin

→ so Rumania is also a romance-language

Cognitive linguistics Is language innate? angeboren...