Module 4 Exam PDF

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Module 4 Exam...

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Biol 1520 Spring 2019 Midterm 4 Version 2 Do NOT open the exam until you are told to start. Write and BUBBLE IN your full (first and last!) name on the answer sheet. Write and BUBBLE IN your GTID number where “ID Number” is indicated, starting with the first (left-most) column. Write and BUBBLE IN the test version number in the section marked “Ver”. Sign the answer sheet to confirm that you will abide by the GT Honor Code. Write your name on the cover page of the exam questions.

The exam has 35 questions, each worth 3 points, for 105 possible points. The maximum exam score is 105 points. Most questions will have 5 answer choices, but some questions may have fewer answer choices. Choose the single best answer for each question.

After you have checked your answers and that you have correctly bubbled in your name, GTID, and test version #: 1) Write the time that you completed your exam on the signature line of your scantron 2) QUIETLY turn in your answer sheet and exam papers; show your ID to the proctor.

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1. Essential animal nutrients are called “essential” because they ____. a. Are required in macro-quantities b. Are derived from animal matter c. Are acquired via diet d. Are used for reproduction e. Are used for growth

2. Which of the following is *not* an animal adaptation to facilitate effective feeding based on its diet? a. Specialized teeth which can be flatter or sharper depending on function b. Specialized organs which can harbor bacteria or other symbionts c. Jaws which can unhinge to accommodate larger prey items d. Piercing mouthparts used for sucking or siphoning foods e. All of the above are animal adaptations for feeding 3. Water-soluble vitamins are difficult to retain in the body. Which of the following nutrients fits into this category? a. A b. D c. C d. E e. K

4. Animal lineages have many different structures for digestion. Which structure is used by birds to store and mechanically grind food? a. Teeth b. Gizzard c. Crop d. Cecum e. Rumen

5. Which of the following represents an advantage of complete digestive tracts over incomplete digestive tracts? a. Large pieces of food can be taken in without obstructing waste elimination b. Mechanical and chemical breakdown can occur in a single compartment c. Consistent one-way flow of ingestion-to-digestion-to-waste elimination d. Nutrients can be absorbed by the cells that line the digestive tract e. A single opening is needed to facilitate both ingestion and elimination

6. Food that has been ingested is first exposed to which of the following? a. salivary amylase b. nucleotidase c. pepsin d. pancreatic amylase e. bile salts

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7. If pH of the blood is increased, what should happen to hemoglobin? a. Hemoglobin becomes less likely to release oxygen b. Hemoglobin becomes more likely to release oxygen c. Four more hemoglobin molecules are added to blood d. Nothing. Hemoglobin does not respond to pH changes 8. Animal respiratory surfaces make use of Fick’s Law to maximize gas exchange. Which of the following represents an adaptation related to Fick’s Law as applied to respiratory surfaces? a. A long distance between capillaries and the site of gas exchange b. Thick cellular membranes to act as a gas exchange/respiratory surface c. Small surface area to maximize available area for gas exchange d. Large difference in pressures on either side of the respiratory surface e. All of the above are adaptations relating Fick’s Law to gas exchange 9. What is *unique* about fish gills compared to other respiratory systems? a. The circulatory system is not used to circulate O2 b. One-way air flow allows for greater gas exchange c. Use of extremely efficient countercurrent exchange of O2 d. Gas exchange can be compartmentalized in each gill e. Use of a large surface area along to conduct gas exchange

10. Which of the following statements regarding closed vs open circulatory systems is TRUE? a. Circulatory fluid can be pumped farther distances in open circulatory systems than in closer circulatory systems b. Circulatory fluid is the same as interstitial fluid in closed circulatory systems; they are different fluids in open circulatory systems c. Circulatory fluid speed and localized pressure can be more efficiently controlled in open compared to closed circulatory systems d. All vertebrates and some invertebrates have closed circulatory systems e. Circulatory fluid exits the vessels and directly bathes cells within body cavities in closed circulatory systems

11. Which of the following is NOT true of gas, nutrient, and fluid exchange between capillaries and body tissues? a. Blood enters the capillary from the arteriole b. Blood pressure is lower entering than leaving the capillary c. Excess fluid from the exchange enters the lymphatic duct d. Fluid volume is roughly constant across the capillary e. Osmotic pressure is roughly constant across the capillary

12. Which of the following is FALSE regarding blood vessels in the human circulatory system? a. Blood pressure is highest in arteries b. Arteries have the thickest layer of muscle c. Arteries carry blood away from the heart d. Capillaries are the only sites of gas exchange e. Arteries carry only oxygenated blood

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Name: 13. After leaving the left ventricle, blood flows next into: a. Left ventricle b. Right ventricle c. Right atrium d. The lungs e. The body 14. Which of the following is TRUE regarding local vasodilation? a. It increases blood speed in the vessels b. It decreases blood pressure in the vessels c. It decreases the area where blood flows d. It can be used to retain heat in the body e. All of the above are true statements

15. Which of the following is TRUE regarding electrical signals in the heart? a. The cells of the sinoatrial node initiate heartbeat b. The AV node temporarily delays the electrical signal c. The Perkinje fibers transmit electrical signal for contraction d. The signal passes through the atria and pauses before the ventricles e. All of the above are true regarding electrical signals in the heart

16. Which of the following is true of osmoregulators, but not osmoconformers? a. A specific range of salts in which they can live b. Expenditure of energy to achieve osmotic balance c. Ability to live in a range of osmotic environments d. Isoosmostic balance with the environment e. Exclusive use by multicellular organisms

17. Which of the following is a physiological consequence of eliminating waste as uric acid? a. Requires development of Malpighian tubes b. Requires significantly less energy to produce c. Requires little water to excrete as waste d. Can be generated at warm temperatures e. Can be generated at cold temperatures

18. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the steps to produce urine? a. Water moves by osmosis only. It is never pumped directly b. Reabsorption of filtrate is highly selective via pumps and channels c. Reabsorption of filtrate is tightly regulated via pumps and channels d. Reabsorption of water is based on osmotic gradients in the tissues e. All of the above are true

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19. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the filtration function in the proximal and distal tubules and the Loop of Henle? a. The tubules use both active and passive transport to filter b. The tubules use only passive transport to filter the pre-urine c. The tubules use only active transport to filter the pre-urine d. The osmotic concentration stays constant in Loop of Henle e. None of the above are true

20. Otters have little need to conserve water and therefore are most likely to have _______ than humans do. a. Fewer nephrons b. Longer nephron loops c. Shorter nephron loops d. Longer collecting ducts e. More collecting ducts

21. Which of the following is NOT involved in reabsorption of solutes and water in the Loop of Henle? a. countercurrent exchange b. passive transport of water c. active transport of water d. active transport of sodium e. passive transport of sodium

22. Aldosterone ultimately increases blood volume. How is that different from how ADH acts? a. ADH acts in response to a decrease in blood osmolarity b. ADH acts in response to a increase in blood osmolarity c. ADH acts on brain to achieve osmotic balance in the body d. ADH causes expulsion (loss) of water after bodily filtration e. ADH causes retention of water after bodily filtration

23. Which of the following is TRUE regarding how different soil compositions influence plant growth? a. Sandy soils have high oxygen availability, but low water retention b. Clay soils can be easily penetrated by roots, but lack water c. Soils with high levels of organic matter provides high water retention, but low nutrient availability d. Clay soils retain cations, but have low oxygen availability e. Sandy soils provide high nutrient content, but require cation exchange for nutrient extraction

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24. How are proton pumps involved in nutrient acquisition by plants? a. Protons are pumped into phloem cells to drive movement of sugars b. Cations and anions enter root hairs through proton pump channels c. Proton pumps create an electrochemical gradient that is used to move ions into roots d. Water moves into plant roots to dilute protons that have been pumped into root hairs e. Protons pumps generate ATP, which is then used to move nutrients into roots 25. Many plant roots have specialized associations with specific species of bacteria or fungi to increase access to nitrogen. Which of the following is TRUE of these relationships? a. The plant provides sugars to the fungi and the bacteria in exchange for access to nitrogen b. The plant relationship with the fungus is mutualistic; the relationship with the bacteria is parasitic c. Both the plant-associated bacteria and plant-associated fungi acquire nitrogen from the atmosphere d. The roots of most plant species are associated with bacteria; very few species are associated with bacteria e. All of the above are true 26. A plant in extremely dry soil could prevent backward flow of water from roots into soil by: a. Closing its root stomata b. Growing its roots deeper into the soil c. Increasing the solute concentration of its root cells d. Decreasing the pressure potential of the surrounding soil e. Pumping protons into the environment around the root hairs 27. Which of the following is NOT true of water movement in plants? a. Evaporation of water is the ultimate driving force that moves water up tall trees b. In the absence of lignin-reinforced cell walls, the negative pressure within xylem would cause xylem cells to collapse c. Cohesion-tension between water molecules facilitates upward movement of water against gravity d. Proton pumps are used to drive water into root hair cells to generate root pressure e. Water potential of the air is lower than the water potential of the leaf 28. Which of the following would tend to DECREASE uptake of water by a plant root hair? a. Increasing concentrations of solutes in the root hair b. Increasing the Ψ of the root hair c. Increasing the Ψ of the soil d. Adding de-salinated water to the soil e. None of these would decrease uptake of water by a plant root hair

29. Which of the following is most likely a sugar SINK? a. A fully matured fruit at the end of the growing season b. A new leaf at the start of the growing season c. A mature leaf in the middle of the growing season d. A root at the start of the growing season e. A dying flower whose ovary does not develop into a fruit

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30. Which of the following best describes the relationship between movement of water and the pressure-flow hypothesis? a. Sugar accumulates in phloem cells near the source cells, and water flows from xylem into phloem due to the high solute concentration b. The high concentration of sugar at the source generates high turgor pressure, and loss of water via transpiration moves solutes through phloem c. Increasing transpiration rates lead to proportional increases in speed of transit through phloem d. Root pressure provides the water potential necessary to unload sugars at the sink e. Water moves from xylem into phloem due to pressure, and moves within phloem by capillary action 31. Which of the following best describes the energy requirements for movement of sugar through phloem? a. The only energy requirement is for synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide b. Water is actively pumped into into phloem cells to create high pressure c. Energy is required to transport sugars from source cells into phloem cells d. Sugar moves between adjacent sieve tube cells as a result of ATP driven transporters e. All of the above except A 32. The adaptation of insulation relies on ______________ to conserve energy in response to heat/cold demands. a. Reducing activity levels for periods of time b. Moving between warmer and colder areas c. Reducing the flow of heat out of an animal d. Huddling with other organisms for warmth e. Altering bloodflow to control heat loss/gain 33. An organism that consistently conforms to the heat of the ambient environment is best described as: a. Endothermic and Heterothermic b. Ectothermic and Heterothermic c. Ectothermic and Homeothermic d. Ectothermic and Poikilothermic e. Endothermic and Poikilothermic 34. Which of the following best describes the adaptation of C4 plants to avoid water loss? a. Changing ‘when’ photosynthesis happens b. Changing ‘where’ photosynthesis happens c. Extending the time stomata are open to the air d. Extending the root structure deeper into the soil e. Replacing rubisco in the photosynthetic pathway 35. Which of the following is NOT a plant adaptation to flood or drought conditions? a. Opening/closing stomata b. Apoptosis in specific cells c. The use of air tubes in roots d. Altering photosynthetic reactions e. All of the above are adaptations

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