MW CGC1D1 U17 Notes - Andre Robert PDF

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Andre Robert...

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//Units 1-4 ●

Métis: An individual with mixed native american and european blood. The Metis are important to Canada’s history

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Political map: A map of governmental boundaries between countries, states/provinces, counties, and major cities. They usually include significant bodies of water.

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Topographic map: A map that has vertical scales to show the a location in 3-dimensional space. Contour lines are used to show the variation in height on a map.

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Thematic map: A map used to show different types of information for a special purpose. Some of which are to reference place names, major bodies of water, or to help readers familiarize themselves with the geographic area covered on the map.

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Historical map: A type of thematic map. Historical maps illustrate how the land formation was before compared to how it is in the present.

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GIS: Geographical Information System; A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. A GIS takes information, so if a GIS is used in an urban area, it takes in factors that help build a better, efficient, and a more organized city.

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Georeferencing: The process of scaling, rotating, translating, and deskewing an image to match a particular size and portion. The term georeferencing is used in the geographic information systems field to describe the process of associating a physical map with spatial locations.

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GPS: Global Positioning System; A satellite based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S Department of Defense. A GPS is used in modern times to guide a person to a specific place.

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Remote Sensing: The scanning of the Earth by satellite or highflying aircraft in order to obtain information about it. Remotesensing allows scientists to monitor dust and ash from volcanic eruptions,and to also predict severe weather, such as thunderstorms, snowstorms, hurricanes, etc.

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Continent: Any of the world’s main continuous expanses of land. Continents are: Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Europe, North and South America, and Asia. Its learning about diversity and its location within various areas in an effort to gain an understanding of how the sum of parts become integral parts of the whole.

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Hemisphere: Half of a sphere; A half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator, or into western and eastern halves by an imaginary line passing through the poles. Hemispheres include: Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western hemispheres. There are differences in the climates of the Northern and Southern hemispheres because of the Earth's seasonal tilt toward and away from the sun.

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Equator: An imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°. The equator is important as a reference point for navigation and geography as it is labeled zero and all latitude measurements are taken from north or south.

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Prime Meridian: A meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0° which divides the Eastern and Western hemisphere. It is the reference point for global navigation. It is labeled zero and all longitude measurements are taken from east or west.

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Tariff: A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers. Tariffs provide additional revenue for governments and domestic producers at the expense of consumers and foreign producers.

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Free Trade: An international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas or other restrictions. Free Trades increases access to higher-quality, lower-priced goods. Free trade ensure their citizens to have enough economic resources or consumer goods for meeting various needs or wants.

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WTO: World Trade Organization; The only global organization dealing with the rules of trades between nations. WTO provides a fair platform for its member countries to help in services like exports,imports and conduct their business in a peaceful manner.

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NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement ; An agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The purpose of NAFTA was to remove the barriers for the exchange of goods and services among the three countries.

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CETA: Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement; A free trade union between Canada and the European. The purpose of CETA is for lower prices of goods and services between Canada and the European Union.

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Imports: Goods or services brought into one country from another. Imports form the backbone of international trade; the higher the value of imports entering a country, compared to the value of exports, the more negative that country's balance of trade becomes.

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Exports: A function of international trade whereby goods produced in one country are shipped to another country for future sale or trade. The sale of such goods adds to the producing nation's gross output.

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Trade Balance: The difference between a country's imports and its exports for a given time period. Trade balance is the largest component of the country's balance of payments. Economists use trade balance as a statistical tool to help them understand the relative strength of a country's economy versus other countries' economies and the flow of trade between nations.

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Geographic Analysis: Atlas: A collection of maps and/or charts concluding the Earth. Atlases presents geographic features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious and economic statistics. As well as information about the map and places in it. Direction: Compass Points: A compass rose is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart, or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions: North, East, South, and West and intermediate points: 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.These directions help us orient ourselves wherever we are.

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Compass Rose:

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Direction: Angular Bearings: The direction of a distant object relative to the current course. ● Degrees of latitude & longitude

Name of the line or point

0° longitude

Prime Meridian

0° latitude

Equator

23.5° N latitude

Tropic of Cancer

23.5° S longitude

Tropic of Capricorn

66.5° N latitude

Arctic Circle

66.5° S latitude

Antarctic Circle

90° N latitude (point)

North Pole

90° S latitude (point)

South Pole

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Time Zones: There are 24 time zones on earth. There are approximately 15 degree longitude intervals. 360 degrees of longitude divided by 24 timezones equals 15 degree longitude intervals. Time zone boundaries do not form straight lines because the earth is round and rotates on an axis once in a 24 hour period.

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Time Differences: Canada: The sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west. For example, the distance the sun has to reach is different for each area/zone. The rotation is counter clockwise which means that easterly parts of Canada are in the sun rays.

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Canada’s Import Needs and Export Strengths: Import needs

Export strengths

machinery & equipment

raw materials

vehicle & vehicle parts

logs

crude oil

minerals

chemicals

food (grains, cattle, fish)

electricity

oil

durable consumer goods

gas

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Free Trade: Winners: foreign made items; cheaper, more sold: Losers: homemade items; more expensive, less sold

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Formal Paragraph Writing: Structure: Topic Sentence: A statement that expresses the main idea or argument. > Supporting points (3): Explains the first supporting ideas or arguments and reinforcing it with examples.> Concluding Sentence: Summarizes all the supports for your main idea. Formal Paragraph Writing: Formalities: Indent your topic sentence (5 spaces)> Your topic sentence cannot be a question> Avoid using the word because in your topic sentence> At least 3 supporting points with explanation and examples> Never indent a second time nor start a new line> Paragraphs should be a ½ or ¾ of a page length> Avoid the use of “I/ I think/ I believe”> Avoid sentences that begin with “yes/no”> Do not include questions such as “Do you think…?”> Avoid the use of abbreviations.

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● //Units 5-9 ●

Plate Tectonics: The earth’s outer shell is not solid. It is made up of plates of different sizes that float on a layer of liquid rock called magma. Convection currents made of magma of different temperatures move these plates around very slowly.

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Divergent plate movement: A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving away from each other and a new crust is forming from the magma that rises to the Earth’s surface between the two crusts.

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Convergent plate movement: When two plates collide with each other and will start to rise at the collision point, forming mountains. This is how mountains are formed. Current mountains continue to grow larger every day.

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Geologic Eras: A subdivision of geologic times that divides an eon into smaller units of time. For example, the Phanerozoic Eon is divided into 3 times: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic.

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Weathering: The process of breaking down rocks by water, wind, chemicals, and living things.

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Erosion: The process of moving the broken-up pieces of rock. For example, the Leaning Tower of Pisa was formed from erosion.

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Deposition: The erode materials building up in a new location.

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Physiography: Physical Geography; The branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes.

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Wet-Climate Soils: Soils that are both periodically or permanently saturated with water and depleted of oxygen.

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Dry-Climate Soils: Soils that are leached of its moisture cause minerals to stay in the soil. Dry-climate soils can create cement like horizons near the soil surface.

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Tundra Soils: Only the top layer of the soil defrosts during the summer which prevents the water from draining away.

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Boreal Forest: Boreal forests have deciduous and coniferous trees. Boreal forests are found in wetter climates. Canada’s Boreal forest is one of the largest forest regions in the world.

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Deciduous Forest: Forest that is dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. They are found in areas with warm moist summers and mild winters. They are filled with Maple, Beech and Elm trees.

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Ecological Ghost: When a species continue to do certain things but is not needed because the times have changed. For example, the prong-horned antelope continues to run from “cheetahs” that are no longer in the area.

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Ecological Footprint: The impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land to sustain their use of natural resources.

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Renewable Resources: Resources that can be regenerated naturally if used carefully. Solar, wind and hydroelectricity are renewable.

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Non-Renewable Resources: Resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up. Fossil-fuels, Coal and nuclear energy are nonrenewable resources.

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Sustainability: Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems.

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Sustained Yield Management: The process of managing a renewable resource to ensure that the amount harvested does not cause longterm depletion of the resource.

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Plate Tectonics:Proof: The continents have moved a great deal in the history of the planet, but they carry records of where they’ve been. Some of this evidence are: ○ Coastline matching up together like a puzzle ■ South America fits right into Africa’s left side ○ Fossil distribution ■ Very similar fossils are found in other continents ○ Plant distribution ■ Plants that were usually found in the Tropics were found in Canada

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Geological Time Line:

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Economic uses of minerals: Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Igneous

coal used in power plants

gneiss used as building stones

granite used in architectural construction, monuments

limestone used in making cement, paper, glass, etc.

quartzite used in construction

pumice used in hand soaps

shale used in bed frames

marble used in architectural and ornamental purposes

gabbro used for concrete, road metal

conglomerate used in construction industry sandstone used in construction

basalt used in aggregate

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Canada’s Physiography: ○ Western Cordillera: Mountain: Complex mountainous soils: Boreal/ Taiga forest ○

Interior Plains: Plains: North: Wet climate South: Dry climate: Boreal/ Taiga forest: Grassland in South

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Innuitian Mountains: Mountains: Tundra soil: Tundra

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Hudson Bay and Arctic Lowlands: Plains: Tundra soil: Tundra (Some boreal H.B.)

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Canadian Shield: Shield: Wet climate soil: Boreal forest

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Appalachians: Mountain: Wet climate soil: Mixed forest

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Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands: Plains: Wet climate soil: Mixed + Deciduous forest

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Cold Climate: Vegetation types: ○ Arctic Tundra: consists of ribbons or islands of stunted black and white spruce trees in a sea of tundra vegetation ○ High Arctic: 50 per cent of the land cover consists of scattered clumps of dwarf prostrate shrubs (1–3 cm high) of willow and mountain avens, with small cushion plants and abundant lichens and mosses.

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Effects of the Western Cordillera, Pacific Ocean, and Latitude on Climate: The latitude is at 49°. This affects the climate because the Western Cordillera is very far from the equator, making it cold. The altitude of the Western Cordillera is above 8000 feet, which leads to oxygen being about 45% less dense, and 50-80% less humidity on the mountains than on sea level.

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First Nations: Shaping their environment: Shaped the eastern forest/prairies through the careful use of fire, to create large grassy openings in the forest for the growth of nuts and fruit.

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Natural Environment: Salmon: Salmon are primary consumers, whom provide the energy to the secondary/tertiary consumers i.e. grizzly bears. By devouring numerous salmons, the bears ensure their survival through their hibernation.

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Persuasive Writing: Presenting reasons and examples to influence action or thought. Effective persuasive writing requires a writer to state clearly an opinion and to supply reasons and specific examples that support the opinion.

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Canada’s 7 Physiographic Regions: physiographic regions: ○ Arctic Lands ○ Cordillera ○ Interior Plains ○ Hudson Bay Lowland ○ Canadian Shield ○ St Lawrence Lowlands ○ Appalachia

Canada is divided into seven

//Units 10-15 ●

Thesis: A statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.

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Natural Increase Rate: The difference of live births to death per 1000 people per year in a country. The birth rate minus the death rate equals the natural increase rate.

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Birth Rate: The number of births in a population per year per 1000 people.

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Death Rate: The number of deaths in a population per year per 1000 people.

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Net Migration Rate: The difference between immigration into and emigration from the area during the year. The immigration rate minus the emigration rate equals the net migration rate.

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Immigration Rate: The number of immigrants moving to a country per year per 1000 people.

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Emigration Rate: The number of emigrants departing a country per year per 1000 people.

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Total Population individuals in a natural increase total population

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Population Distribution: The arrangement or spread of people living in a given area.

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Population Density: The amount of people living per unit in an area.

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Rural: Characteristic of the countryside; An open swath of land that has few homes or other buildings, and not very many people. A rural area’s population density is very low.

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Urban: Characteristic of a city or town; Urban areas are very developed, meaning there is a high density of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, railways as well as the human population.

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Urbanization: The process of spreading an urban area to rural areas.

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CMA: Census Metropolitan Area; A continuous urban area that consists of more than 100,000 people.

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Suburban: Characteristic of a suburb; A residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.

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Migration: The movement from one part of something to another.

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Immigrate: The act of moving from a country to another.

Growth Rate: The rate at which the number of population increases in a given time period. The rate plus the net migration rate equals the growth rate.

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Emigrate: The act of leaving a country to move to another.

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Push and Pull Factors: Push: Conditions that cause people to leave their country of origin. Example: Poverty, War, and famine/ drought. Pull: Factors that draw immigrants to a country. Example: Education, Health care, Job opportunities, and Political/ religious freedom.

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Intervening Obstacles: Obstacles that cause the “migrator” to be slowed down or creates situations that cause difficulty for the migrator. Example: Language, Job opportunities, legalization, costs, family, etc.

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Refugee: A person that is forced to leave their country of origin because of certain situations in that country. For example, someone might be forced to leave a country for safety reasons since there is a war.

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Primary Industries: The industry that obtains natural raw materials for conversion into commodities and products for the consumer. Such as agriculture, oil and gas extraction, logging and forestry, mining, fishing, and trapping.

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Secondary Industries: The industry that converts the raw materials from the primary industry into commodities and products for the consumer. Also known as the manufacturi...