Nine Bottles-Tech. Memo PDF

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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM DATE: March 07, 2019

RE: Nine Bottles Devices used: small test tubes (Pyrex)

medium test tubes (Pyrex)

test tube holder

10 mL graduated cylinder

Raw Data: Key: Nc = No change Cc = Color change Wrm = Warming Bbl = Bubbling

Table 1: Reagents and their reactions with other reagents 1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Nc

Nc

Ppt

Cc

Nc

Ppt

Ppt

Ppt

Nc

Nc

Nc

Nc

Bbl

Nc

Nc

Nc

Cc

Cc

Nc

Nc

Nc

Cc

Nc

Nc

Bbl

Nc

Nc

Nc

Cc

Nc

Nc

Ppt

Nc

Nc

Nc

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Bbl

9 UnKnown ( 86 )

Ppt

Nc

Nc

Nc

Nc

Nc

Nc

Bbl

Nc

Table 2: Solutions and their concentration (molarity)

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Solution

Concentratio n (M)

1

Pb(NO)3

0.01 M

2

HNO3

1M

3

NaOH

1M

4

H2SO4

1M

5

BaCl2

0.01 M

6

PhenolPhthalein

(indicator)

7

NaCl

1.0 M

8

NaHCO3

1.0 M

9

HCl

1.0 M

Key Results:

Acid-Base reactions: HNO ❑3+NaOH → NaNO ❑3+ H ❑2 O HNO❑3+ NaHCO ❑3 → NaNO❑3 + H ❑2 O +CO ❑2 2 NaOH + H ❑2 SO ❑4 → Na❑2 SO ❑4 +2 H ❑2 O NaOH + HCl→ NaCl+ H ❑2 O H ❑2 SO ❑4 +2 NaHCO → Na ❑2 SO ❑4 +2 H ❑2 O+ 2CO ❑2 Gas evolution reactions: NaCl + HNO ❑3 → HCl+ NaNO ❑3

H ❑2 SO ❑4 + NaHCO❑3 → Na ❑2 SO ❑4 +H ❑2 O+CO ❑2 NaHCO❑3 + HCl → NaCl+ H ❑2 O+CO ❑2

Precipitation reactions: Pb ( NO ❑3 )❑2 + H ❑2 SO ❑4 → PbSO ❑4 +2 HNO❑3 CHEM 1100

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Pb ( NO ❑3 )❑2 +2 NaCl→ PbCl❑2 +2 NaNO ❑3 Pb ( NO ❑3 )❑2 +2 NaHCO ❑3 → Pb(HCO ❑3 )❑2+2 NaNO❑3 Pb ( NO ❑3 )❑2 +2 HCl→ PbCl❑2 +2 HNO ❑3

Color change reactions: Pb ( NO ❑3 )❑2 + BaCl❑2 → PbCl+ BaNO❑3 (pink) NaOH +BaCl ❑2 → NaCl ❑2 + BaOH (pink) H ❑2 SO ❑4 +BaCl ❑2 → HCl+ BaSO ❑4 (pink)

NaHCO❑3 + BaCl ❑2 → NaCl+BaHCO ❑3 (pink)

Interpretation of Key Results:

What was the aim of this experiment? The aim of this experiment was to observe the different reactions between solution from solid, liquid, and gas; with that information, it was possible to classify each of the reagent solutions. With information on the 9 reagents, it would be possible to determine the identity of the unknown reagent. Name acids and bases in the nine bottles. Specify the strength of each one. Acids: HNO3 - 1.0 M H2SO4 - 1.0 M HCl - 1.0 M Base: NaOH - 1.0 M NaHCO3 - 1.0 M Based on solubility rules (Table 4.4, page 170, Gilbert 5ed.) identify all precipitates formed in the nine bottle experiment.

1.

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PbSO❑4 + 2 HNO ❑3

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2.

PbCl ❑2+ 2 NaNO ❑3

3.

Pb ( HCO ❑3)❑2 +2 NaNO ❑3

4.

PbCl ❑2+ 2 HNO ❑3

Identify the unknown given by the instructor and explain the logic by which you arrived at your unknown identity. The unknown solution (#86) given was identify as hydrochloric acid (HCl). I came to this conclusion by comparing each of the reactions from all the reagents, whether it was no change, color change, precipitation, and bubbling. For HCl, six of the eight reactions with other reagents were no change, one reaction was bubbling and one reaction was precipitation. With the reactions that were observed with the unknown reaction, the reactions matched with every reagent from HCl’s.

Comment on any other interesting facts or interpretations. There can be a source of error in this lab based on the process of rinsing out the solutions correctly in order to create new ones. Especially repeatedly getting precipitation at the beginning for four reactions.

References:

Goldwhite, H., Tikkanen, W., Kubo-Anderson, V., & Mathias, E. (n.d.). Experiments in General Chemistry(5th ed.). Macmillan Learning, 2018.

Tables: . Table 3: Number of Different Reactions for each Reagent

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Type of Reactions:

Pb(NO)3

HNO3

NaOH

H2SO4

BaCl2

PhenolPhthalein

NaCl

NaHCO3

HCl

No Change

3

7

6

5

4

6

6

3

6

Color Change

1

0

2

1

3

2

0

2

0

Precipitation

4

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

Bubbling

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

Figure 1: Raw Data from solutions

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