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Warning: TT: undefined function: 32 Warning: TT: undefined function: 32 Psyche: Greek word for mind Ology: Field of study1 of Psychology:The study of Science of behavior and mental processes.How: By observing what happens when a variable is introducedExperiment on concepts of psychology which will h...

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Introduction to Psychology Wednesday, April 29, 2020

11:16 AM

1. Definition of Psychology: Psyche: Greek word for mind Ology: Field of study The study of Science of behavior and mental processes. How: By observing what happens when a variable is introduced

2. What do Psychologist do: a. Experimental Psychologist i. Experiment on concepts of psychology which will help benefit the current psychologist out in the field b. Teachers of Psychology i. Teaches new upcoming psychologist about psychology itself. c. Applied Psychologist i. Use knowledge developed by Experimental Psychologist to solve human problems Types are as stated below(list is non exhaustive): I/O

Industrial Psychologist where psychologist work with big organizations to help study behavior of consumers, employee performance, employee motivation

Sports

Applied in athletes to help them perform better

Engineering School

Best way to help students study better

Rehabilitation

To help for drug addiction, help with Physiotherapy

Counselling

Help people get over addiction. Similar to rehabilitation.

Clinical

Psychotherapists is the correct term, looks at patients with psychological problems.

3. Psychology is not Psychiatry Psychology

Psychiatry

Broad Field of study

Medical Specialty

Holds a Ph.D.(Doctor of Philosophy)

Holds an MD(Doctor of Medicine)

Training Emphasized on research methods

Training in treatment of mental and behavioral problems

Advanced study in specialization

Licensed to prescribe medicines

4. Historical theories on the forefathers of Psychology a. Structuralism by Wilhelm Wundt i. Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up the mind and thought ii. Which part of the minds is responsible for how human responded to certain stimulus iii. Made his subjects do a reflection on why they did certain behaviors iv. We'll then be able to tell why we behave that way due to this introspect b. Functionalism by William James i. People who rejected the thought of structuralism, more concrete evidence ii. Believed mental processes could be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function iii. How their behaviors can help to adapt to the environment c. Gestalt Psychology by Hermann Ebbinghaus i. Interested in how we construct "perceptual wholes" ii. Not interested in looking different components or event iii. Look at event as a whole iv. The whole is not equal to the sum of the parts v. Have an overview of the entire event which is more important d. Behaviorism by John B. Watson i. Behavior is the most objective area of perspective in psychology ii. Is looking at behavior of people iii. Measure of people's character/personality, cannot be seen but can be manifested thru behavior iv. They are interested in looking at people's behavior as it is concrete and observable v. Focus of behavior where our behaviors are molded by the environment. This is linked to your unconditioned learning e. Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud i. Asserted mental disorder arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind ii. Unconscious desires the needs that we have can affect the way behave so as to satisfy the way the needs and desires. iii. Criticism as these couldn’t be verified

5. Six Modern Perspective of Psychology a. Biological (anything that is about physiologically related) i. Release of chemicals, the nervous and endocrine system that will be related to this 1) Tries to explain behavior in terms of biological processes. 2) E.g chemicnal imbalances which may be responsible for certain mental disorder b. Cognitive i. Mental Processes(very similar to structuralism) including sensation, perception, learning, memory and language. 1) Looks at the human mind like computers 2) How humans undergo Information processing systems c. Behavioral i. Behavior based on environment(similar to behaviorism concept) d. Whole-Person i. Looks at human nature that is driven by unconscious motives(Sigmund Freud) 1) Psychodynamic view stresses on the unconscious conflicts a) Makes the human nature perspective evil 2) Humanistic View focuses on personal growth a) Makes human nature looks good(Optimistic point of view in simple terms) b) Says humans are good and can change or grow better as person

Introduction to Psychology Page 1

Help to understand different types of theory by Gestalt. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-gestaltpsychology-2795808

1) Psychodynamic view stresses on the unconscious conflicts a) Makes the human nature perspective evil 2) Humanistic View focuses on personal growth a) Makes human nature looks good(Optimistic point of view in simple terms) b) Says humans are good and can change or grow better as person e. Development i. Patterns of development change and their underlying influences 1) People can undergo predictable patterns of change throughout their lives 2) Can understand the interaction between heredity and environment(Nature vs Nurture) f. Sociocultural i. How Social interaction, socialization and cross cultural differences can affect the way we develop as human beings Individualism

Values in society where you have individualistic value, very prominent in western countries.

Collectivism

Collectivism is mostly found in Asian societies where they will focus on collective growth around us

Western will be very open about how Asians will be more considerate of the they feel people around them

Introduction to Psychology Page 2

Research Methods Wednesday, April 29, 2020

12:52 PM

Intro: Psychology Vs. Pseudoscience Psychology is a SCIENCE by disputing unfounded claims from Pseudoscience. We need facts to back up what we say. Psychologist, like researchers in all other sciences, uses methods to test their ideas empirically. E.g. Claim: If kids eat large amount of sugar, they become hyperactive. Problem: How would you test the claim that sugar makes children hyperactive? 1. How Do psychologist develop new knowledge? a. Empirical Investigations i. Approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data. b. Scientific Method i. A five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments. 1) Developing a Hypothesis; example: Children who consume sugar would be hyperactive compared to children who not. a) Tentative statement predicting the outcome of scientific study. b) Constructs that we are interested in. From the example above, it would be the hyperactivity, the children and the sugar that cause this behavior c) Operation Definition: We need to define how we measure the from the example above, how do we measure the sugar, how do we measure hyperactivity, and how do we measure children. d) So the ways you can measure it. Sugar: How many cans of soda pop drinks consumed, Children can be measured via age group, hyperactivity - measured by intensity and duration of play in a day. 2) Performing a controlled test(Looking for cause and effect) a) Independent Variable (cause) i) The Variables that we can change, ii) In the above example, it would be the amount of soda pop given to the children b) Randomization (to avoid Biasness) : Participants are randomly assigned to one of two different groups - (A) Soda pop drinks group or (B) no soda pop drinks groups and (C) Will be control group that is only given just plain water. i) Factors that could affect is that everything must be constant. So if you use pepsi, everyone must drink pepsi, gender must be equal, and age must be of similar age group. ii) Using Chance alone to determine presentation of stimulus. iii) Selection has to be random to prevent biasness in the study. 3) Gathering objective data a) Data i) Information that is gathered by researcher and used to test a hpothesis b) Dependent Variable(effect) : (A) Hyperactivity measure by Intensity(Physicality of play indicated by running, jumping, pulling, pushing, shouting) and (B) Duration of play(How long it lasts). i) The measure outcome of the study; the response of the participants. 4) Analyzing the results a) Based on statistical analyses of results, the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. b) To see if there is a significant difference between the results. c) We will then have to analyze the results and interpret it. 5) Publishing, criticizing and replicating the results a) Need to share what we have found and need to show our findings of the study that we have done.

2. Types Of Psychological Research a. Experiments methods i. Investigate behavior through a controlled experiments ii. All variables will be kept constant so that it will not be affected by environmental conditions Pros

Cons

Clear Cause-and-effect relationships can be identified May be somewhat artificial as some natural through the use of power controlled observations behavior not easily studied in laboratory Not represent the real world because it is so controlled. b. Correlational studies : To Discover relationships between events without any independent variable. i. Correlation coefficient - Numeric Value depicting magnitude of relationship between two events ranges from +/- 0 to 1, with the +/- indicating direction of relationship. Pros

Cons

Demonstrates the existence of relationships Little or no control is possible Allows prediction

Relationships may be coincidental

Used in lab, clinics or natural setting

Cause and effect relationships cannot be confirmed

c. Survey Method: To use questionnaires and surveys to poll large groups of people i. Administer a questionnaire of stress and health behaviors to all the year one nursing students to find out about their responses to stress Pros

Cons

Allows information and large numbers of people to Obtaining a representative sample is critical and be gathered in a short period of time can be difficult. Can be a logistical nightmare Can address question not answered by other approaches

Answer may be inaccurate as people may not do what thjey say or say what they do

d. Naturalistic Observation: Observe behavior in natural settings i. Observe how people behave in potentially stressful Situation. Pro

Cons

Behavior is observed in a natural setting

Little or no control is possible

Much information is obtained; hypotheses and questions for additional research are formed

Observed behavior maybe be altered by the presence of the observer Which may cause it to be bias, so the observer has to be very objective.

Scientific Research Page 3

FIVE STEP IN SIMPLE TERMS

Observations may be biased; causes cannot be conclusively identified e. Case Study: The in-depth study of an individual and specific aspects of his/her life. i. Studying the biological, psychological and social problems experienced by an individual with autism. Pros

Cons

Takes advantage of Natural clinical trials and allows investigation of rare or unusual problems or events

Little or no control is possible; does not provide a control group for comparison, subjective interpretation is often necessary, a single case may be misleading or unrepresentative.

3. Sources of Bias: Bias could affect the way an experimenter designs a study collects data, or interprets results a. Emotional Bias: Distortion in cognition and decision-making due to emotional factors which can affect the way we think and the way we behave. E.g. if we are in a positive emotion, we are more in tuned to positive things around you. b. Expectancy Bias: Tendency to behave in a manner that conforms to expectations. c. Controlling Bias i. Blind Control: 1) Participants are prevented from knowing certain information which may lead to conscious or unconscious bias on their part which invalidates the results ii. Single Blind Control 1) Participants are unaware of group assignment iii. Double Blind Control 1) Participants and researchers unaware of group assignment 2) Get other people to help you administer your test so there wont be bias by you iv. Placebo 1) An inert Substance that achieves physical effects through psychological means. Used mostly to ascertain the medicinal effects of real drugs.

4. Ethical Issues in Psychological Research a. Ethical issues: i. Informed consent, give a general idea of the study. But not the exact details. Don’t lie but give non concise details ii. Anonymity and confidentiality iii. Minimal Risk- everything done has a risk but we need to not include any additional risk on their everyday life. iv. Debriefing - need to tell them the purpose of their study after the experiment is concluded b. American Psychological Association(APA) i. Ethical Prinicples of Psychologist and code of conduct ii. Shields participants from potentially harmful procedures c. Institutional Review Board(IRB) i. Examines all studies proposed

Scientific Research Page 4

Famous case study of HM; the person who had his hippocampus removed https://www.themantic-education.com/ibpsych/2019/01/29/key-study-hms-case-studymilner-and-scoville-1957/

Part I: The neuron and the nervous system What is Biopsychology? The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior and mental processes. What is neuroscience? Focuses on how the brain produces mental processes and behavior Interdisciplinary field: i. Psychologist ii. Biologist iii. Computer Scientist iv. Chemist v. Neurologist vi. Linguist How does the body communicate internally? The brain coordinates using two of the body system 1) Nervous system a. Neurons are nerve cells which are the fundamental unit in the brain

A typical neuron receives thousands of messages at the same time through its dendrites and soma. When the soma is activated, its own message is passed along the axon to the terminal buttons. There, tiny vesicles containing neurotransmitters rupture and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.(synapse) These transmitter molecules arriving at the postsynaptic membrane can dock at receptors to stimulate the receiving cell. But the excessive transmitters are taken back into the reuptake (sending neuron). i. Types of Neurons 1) Sensory Neurons: Carry messages from sense receptors towards the Central Nervous System(CNS). This is for our 5 senses in our body to help us sense the environment 2) Motor Neurons: Carry messages from our brain from CNS towards muscles and glands 3) Interneurons: Carry messages between nerve cells (just to help relay the message from one part to another part) ii. Types of Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse to the next neuron. 1) Dopamine: Produces sensations of pleasure and reward; used by CNS neurons in voluntary movement a) Problems with Imbalance: Schizophrenia, Parkinson diseases b) Substance that affect: Cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin(Associated with ADHD) and alcohol 2) Serotonin: Regulates sleep and dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite and sexual behavior. a) Problems with imbalance: Depression, certain anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder b) Substances that affect: Prozac, hallucinogenic(E.g. LSD) 3) Norepinephrine: Controls heart rate, sleep, sexual responsiveness, stress, vigilance and appetite a) Problems with imbalance: High blood pressure, depression b) Substance that affect: Tricyclic antidepressants, beta blockers 4) Acetylcholine: Helps with ability to learn and memory a) Problems with imbalance: Certain musclar disorders, Alzheimer's disease b) Substances that affect: Nicotine, botulism toxin(Botox), curare, atropine 5) GABA: Slows down the system(different from the rest) Function is inhibiroty a) Problems with Imbalance: Anxiety, epilepsy b) Substances that affect: Barbiturates, tranquilizers, Alcohol 6) Glutamine: Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS, helps with learning and memory similar to Acetylcholine. a) Problems with imbalance: Brain Damage after stroke b) Substance that affect: PCP(Angel dust) 7) Endorphins: Pleasurable sensations and control of pain(Runner's high) a) Problems with imbalance: Result in opiate addiction b) Substances that affect: Opiates: Opium, heroin, morphine, methadone b. Plasticity: Ability of the nervous system to adapt/change as the results of experience; sometimes helps the nervous system adapt to physical damage. c. Glial Cells: Glue in latin i. Provide structural support for neurons ii. Help form new synapses iii. Form Myelin sheath which protects Axons from dangers.

d. Nervous system is the network of neurons that extends all through the body i. Consists of Both 1) Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal cord) 2) Peripheral nervous systems a) Autonomic nervous systems: Communicates with internal organs and glands i) Sympathetic Division(Arousing) ii) Parasympathetic Division(Calming) b) Somatic nervous system: Communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles i) Sensory(Afferent) Nervous system(Sensory input) feel ii) Motor(efferent) Nervous system ( motor output) Movement

BioPsychology Page 5

Part II: The Brain - layers and lobes Monday, May 4, 2020

2:12 PM

Different part of the brains communicate with each other so that it can help function us better. However, there are dedicated parts for specific functions.

1. How does the brain produce behavior and mental processes? a. The brain is composed of many specialized modules that work together to create mind and behavior 2. Instrument which help us look at the brain: a. EEG(Electroencephalograph) i. Device for recording brain waves via electrodes placed on the scalp ii. Brain waves are patterns of electrical activity gebnerated by the brain iii. Epilepsy 1) Brain disorder that is often marked by seizures and loss of consciousness 2) Caused by out-of-controll electrical activity in the brain b. Brain scans i. Recording of brains electrical and biochemical activity of specific sites 1) Computerized Tomography(CT) scanning a) Structure of brain(Like XRAY) 2) Positron Emissions Tomography(PET) Scanning a) Inject radioactive substance to brain which will link parts to the brain b) The substance will light up when the brain is working 3) Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) a) Popular brain scans devices nowadays b) Use magnetic wave to capture the structure as well as the functioning of the brain 4) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI) a) Can capture how the brain is working and which part is working while we are doing something 3. Layers of the brain a. Brain Stems and Cerebellum i. Drive vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, digestion. ii. Basically at the back of the head. b. Limbic System i. Adds emotions ii. complex motives(planning ahead), iii. increased memory abilities i. Hippocampus: Involved in establishing long-term memories (case study of HM) ii. Amygdala: 1) Important in emotion management, mostly fear and aggression. Involved in Memory and emotions as well iii. Hypothalamus: Serves as blood testing laboratory(Sensor of body) iv. Thalamus: receives information (sensoroy signals) through receptors (e.g. nerve cells) which are decoded & analyze c. Cerebrum i. The components which makes humans differ from other species in the world ii. Enable reasoning iii. Planning iv. Creating v. Problem Solving i. Cerebum: Top most layer of the brain; the bulbous cap over the limbic system ii. Cerebral cortex: Thin gray-matter covering of the cerebrum; carries on thinking and perceiving 1) Frontal LobeL: High ordered thinking, initiatives 2) Temporal lobe: Aids with speech, smell, hearing 3) Occipital Lobe: Helps to see, vision 4) Parietal lobe: Sensation and perception. iii. Cerebral Hemispheres: The two walnut shaped halves of the cerebrum Which is connected by the corpus callosum so left and right and com...