PSYC2500.Chapter 1 - Monique Senechal PDF

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Monique Senechal...

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PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17 Chapter 1: The Science  

Innate vs. Genetic endowment vs. Environment: Nature vs. Nurture o Genetic blueprint (potentials) + environment will allow potential to grow  The expression of our genes is influences by the environment  After we're born…

Overview*  Historical overview  Theories

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Plato: o We are all born with innate knowledge

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Aristotle: o We are born with…

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Locke: o John Locke; child comes to the world as a blank slate; all experience we have make us what we are today o Coined term -

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Rousseau: o We are born innately good; innate goodness the world is who make us bad o Parent responsibility to make sure the innate goodness good

A New Science  Industrial Revolution and Reformers o Industrial revolution: Children age 7 and more can go to work; they can go to work fulltime  Industries and mines/mills  Darwin (1809 - 1882)  Evolution  Baby biographies (wrote) ways in which we learn about infancy  Being interested in child  Observed his own children "A biographical sketch of an infant (1877)  Promoting healthy development o

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Reformers: middle class women children did not work  Started committees so that children don't have to work  They succeeded to make sure the children are not allowed to work until a certain age and to thev access to fulltime school  With that came educational research and health

Foundational Theories Theory: "An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain and make predictions"

Theories:  The Biological Perspective o Ethological theory

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17 

Konrad Lorenz o Observed birds: they started following the mothers and he wonders why and how do they know that they need to do such for survival and protection… o He thought maybe... We are born with a predisposition; we are locking for a member of our species and we're geared towards that  When you're born –  Experiment; took eggs (geese) and made them hatch in an incubator; they hatched and they started following him; he left them for two days and they did not follow him Two important concepts:  Imprinting  Critical period  Not working for two days; born with endowment and the realization will only happen and have a critical period

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The Psychodynamic Perspective o Two major theories:  Freud's Psychosexual theory  3 Components of personality (3 level of consciousness):  Id, Ego (pleasure), Superego (inner-voice)  Notion of stage and critical period: they are stages and if not fully resolved, you add consequences 

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:  Erik Erikson a student of Freud  Argued that at each age what we have are two levels of emotional development and depending on the environment and our being; it's a dichotomy  Ex. Being toilet trained and being shamed for it - You will carry shame with you  Every age has a notion of conflict

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Who we become is determined with how we solve conflicts throughout our development Different conflicts with different age: have not resolved those conflicts, we are stuck at that level and might have social and other difficulties

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The Learning Perspective o Importance of experience in development o Pavlov - Classical conditional  Unconditioned response; conditioned response; response to stimuli; conditioned; unconditioned  Reflexes can be associated with unconditioned  You always need a biological response that o

B. F. Skinner - Operant conditioning >> Behaviour  Reinforcement and punishment  Punishing to decrease the behaviour  Positive reinforcement for behaviour correcting  Skinner Box - Pidgeon

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A. Bandura - Observational Learning  Was a behaviorist

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17  He argued that we can learn from observations  Children and adults can learn by observing instead of having reinforces > social context  Imitate behaviours  Experiment on Bobo the Doll - Modelling of Aggression  Control group - no adults of hitting the doll  Violent group  Priming >> provoked frustration in the children  Experiment was criticized:  Controlled group vs. experimental group differences  Might not be ethical to do it  Having no experience with the toy beforehand; if it's your first time seeing it, it would have an effect on (influence) how you see someone deal with it  Priming; frustrating the children were criticized - had you not frustrated the children, you would not get the same reaction = could not explain the entirety of the effect  Priming was dismissed  Did another modelling experiment  Neutral  Consequence (would it have an effect)  Reinforcement  Gender has an impact on hitting the doll in the observation - exhibiting the aggressive behaviour 

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The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective o Development reflects children's efforts to understand the world  Children having a completely different view on the world o

Jean Piaget  Interest: talking about the evolution of children's thinking  Children understanding of the natural world  In development child...  The child will construct a representation of the outside world  Abstract*  Argues that with young children - they focus on one dimension

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Four stages in development in children:  Sensorimotor - birth to 2  Preoperational - 2 to 6 years  Concrete operational - 7 to 11 years  Formal operational - adolescence +

The Contextual Perspective o Development is determined by immediate and more distant environments, which typically influence each other o

Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)  Argued that interactions with adults that learning occurs

Themes in Child-Development Research 

Four themes:

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17 o o o o

Continuity-Discontinuity Nature-Nurture Active-Passive Child Domains of development

Doing the Research Measurement  Two types of systematic observation: o Naturalistic observation o Structured observation  Sampling behaviour with tasks o When direct observation is difficult

General Designs for Research  Correctional studies  Experiments Studying Age-Related Changes  Diagram in the textbook * Beginning of next day on class… little summary and discussion:  How we do research with children and further on ethics  Longitudinal studies: studying children in the long term and follow-up  Methodology that we use to study children - read up more in the textbook and take notes

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17

PSYC 2500 Lecture #1: Chapter 1 - The Science 9/8/17...