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SU-2 Climate change Fråga 1 Why is the current era /sometimes/ called the Anthropocene? 1. Because humans are inhabiting the planet 2. Humans are changing the climate 3. Humans have become a geologic force impacting every aspect of the planet’s environment as well as its natural resources Fråga 2 How do greenhouse/gases warm the planet? 1. By trapping the sun’s heat. 2. By trapping the infrared heat from the surface and atmosphere. 3. By trapping the heat from the ozone layer. Fråga 3 What are the major pollutant gases warming the planet? 1. Nitrogen and Oxygen 2. Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor and Methane 3. Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide and CFCs Fråga 4 Once emitted, how long does CO2 stay in the atmosphere? 1. Decade to centuries to thousands of Years 2. One Year 3. 10 Years

SU-3 Overview on solutions to Climate change: Key concepts and structures Fråga 1 How much time do we have before climate change can become dangerous? Note “dangerous” is defined by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) as when the warming exceeds 2°C. In recent years, this threshold is shifting to 1.5°C. We will here take 1.5°C as the threshold for dangerous warming 1. About 10-20 years 2. About 50 years 3. Over 100 years Fråga 2 There are many ways to group the actions needed to bend the curve of climate change. This course is organized around ten areas of solutions grouped under six different categories or clusters: Science Solutions, Societal Transformations Solutions, Governance Solutions, Market/Regulation-based Solutions, Technology-Based Solutions, and Natural &Managed Ecosystem Solutions. Which of the following statements represent how it is proposed to view these solutions? 1. While all parts may play a role, Technology is the backbone of all solutions so it really is this class we should emphasize most. 2. It is best if we specialize – some countries take on e.g., technology-based solutions while others specialize in societal transformation solutions. 3. To transform society towards a carbon-neutral and sustainable development it is necessary to engage all these solutions clusters. Fråga 3 Which of the following mitigation actions still has the possibility to bend the curve to constrain global warming to below 2°C? 1. Forceful mitigation of CO2 emissions 2. Forceful mitigation of either CO2 or short-lived climate pollutants 3. Forceful mitigation of both CO2 and short-lived climate pollutants Fråga 4 Which of the following choices best describe the classes of climate pollutants that are often discussed as most important for mitigation actions? 1. Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, nuclear power 2. Greenhouse gases, pollutant gases (such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) and climate warming aerosol particles such as black carbon (soot) 3. CO2, CH4 and HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons)

SU-5 quiz: Impacts, barriers and enablers Fråga 1 All of the following can trigger asthma attacks and are projected to worsen with fossil fuel combustion and climate change, except: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Ozone (“smog”) Ragweed pollen Carbon dioxide Particulate matter pollution

Fråga 2 Heat waves have been linked to: 1. 2. 3. 4.

More emergency department visits in cooler coastal areas than in hot inland areas Big increases in hospitalizations from asthma Decreases in the rate of violent crime Lower levels of ozone in the air

Fråga 3 Which of the following strategies can help reduce vulnerability to climate change’s health effects? 1. 2. 3. 4.

Plant trees to keep community’s cooler Ensure access to medical care for everyone who needs it Foster strong communities where people know and help their neighbors All of the above

Fråga 4 How is massive population displacement one of the most serious impacts of climate change? 1. When people are displaced, they face needs for safe food and water that often cannot be met 2. People with chronic diseases such as diabetes do not have their medications, mental health issues flare, acute illnesses are caused by contaminated water, and people 3. It can take years to clean up the contamination and repair the infrastructure enough for people to be able to return home, and in some cases they never can 4. All of the above

SU-6 Quiz on energy Fråga 1 What products do we derive from combustion? 1. Major products of combustion and pollutants 2. Useful energy and exhaust 3. Challenges to climate and urban air quality Fråga 2 What are the major attributes that differentiate fuel cells from combustion? 1. Combustion generates carbon emissions and fuel cells do not 2. Efficiency, emission of pollutants (none from fuel cells), and noise 3. Combustion uses natural gas and fuel cells do not Fråga 3 What are the main challenges for pathways to improve energy supply? 1. Energy supply is coupled to economic growth and limited by peak oil. 2. Energy supply is limited because the demand is growing. 3. Energy supply has physical limits and energy use is coupled to GDP Fråga 4 Which are the three aspects of transformation? 1. Scope, pace, and quality. 2. Scale, pace, and quantity. 3. Scale, pace, and quality.

SU-7 Quiz: Behavioral changes Fråga 1 Do facts alone confer motivation to act and bend the climate curve? 1. Yes 2. No Fråga 2 True or False: Given the mingled history of science and religion, conventional wisdom assumes that the two will be natural partners in confronting a major environmental crisis. 1. True 2. False Fråga 3 When Einstein wrote, “Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind,” he meant: 1. Scientists are often narrow; clergymen are often ignorant. 2. Scientists must become more devout; clergymen must become more scientific. 3. Science needs religion for motivation, while religion needs science for information: the two are complementary.

SU-8 Quiz: Your leadership: Social movements & social solutions to climate change Fråga 1 What does it mean to think of climate change as a problem of power? 1. In problems of power, politicians are the ones who have to create the solution. 2. In problems of power, people who want the change the most don't have the resources they need to make the change they want. 3. In problems of power, the solutions require a fight, or conflict, to solve it Fråga 2 What type of problem is climate change? A. B. C. D.

A technological problem An informational problem A market problem A multidimensional problem with important power dimensions

Fråga 3 What is leadership according to Marshall Ganz (and expressed by Han)? 1. Leadership is enabling others to achieve purpose in the face of uncertainty 2. Leadership is the state or position of being a leader 3. Leadership is about being charismatic and having the facts straight Fråga 4 True/False: To inspire people to take action, facts are more persuasive than stories. 1. True 2. False

SU-9 Quiz: Local solutions Fråga 1 Which of these sentences best corresponds to the concept of resilience described in the video by Prof. Brian Walker? 1. Resilience is the ability of a system to resist external forces and remain the same. 2. Resilience is the ability of a system to respond and adapt to external forces while retaining its core functions. 3. Resilience is the ability of a system to move to a new stable state in response to external forces. Fråga 2 Which of the cities in the three case studies was most concerned with how climate change will influence its economic base of winter tourism? 1. Antioch, CA 2. Carlisle, PA 3. Whitefish, MT Fråga 3 What was the climate change challenge shared by all three communities? 1. Intense precipitation events and flooding 2. Heatwaves and wildfires 3. Communicating climate change challenges and solutions to community members Fråga 4 From your reading of the case studies, which of the following appears to be the best approach to building local resilience? 1. Having a strong leader dictate what people in the community should do. 2. Establish strong zoning laws that prohibit development in areas of risk for natural disasters. 3. Present planning issues as personal and immediate, without alienating any sectors of the community.

SU-10 Quiz: Public opinion and communication Fråga 1 According to the Christensen lectures, why does climate communication often fail? 1. Climate change is communicated as being far away in space and time, in an abstract fashion, and is too big for individuals to do anything about 2. Climate scientists are perceived as being arrogant and distant 3. We tend not to have sufficiently detailed discussions of uncertainty in our communications efforts Fråga 2 Of the three techniques below, which is the most effective climate change communications approach? 1. Create narratives and stories that show how climate change intersects with individual values and that provide opportunities for action 2. Create communications products with clearly labeled graphs and charts containing popular science updates of the latest research results 3. Begin communications efforts with a thorough discussion of the uncertainties associated with measurements and projections of climate change Fråga 3 Which statement below best characterizes Margaret Atwood’s treatise “It’s Not Climate Change – It’s Everything Change”? 1. Climate change is primarily the result of the incorrect use of energy and transportation technologies 2. While cultural norms influence decisions about climate change adaptation, adaptation solutions are primarily scientific and engineering concerns 3. Cultural imperatives have both helped shape the climate change problem, and will also help inform its solutions Fråga 4 Which four common shortcomings most need to be overcome in order to change beliefs, assumptions and thoughts related to climate change? 1. Insufficient information about current observations of climate change, uncertainties in projections of climate change, too many different global climate models, lack of spatial and temporal resolution of measurements and models 2. Inherent scientific uncertainty, insufficient general science education, overabundance of sources for climate change information, more funding for climate change research 3. Confirmation bias, misplaced confidence, wishful thinking, belief polarization

SU-11 Quiz: International governance Fråga 1 Why do we need international cooperation to tackle climate change? 1. Because the biggest carbon emitters, USA and China, will not agree on what to do. 2. Because the pollutants that cause climate change accumulate in the atmosphere, a global common good. 3. Because the United Nations has the power to push countries to act. Fråga 2 Who are the key countries that need to act if we are to reduce global carbon output? 1. Industrialized economies, because they are responsible for most of the carbon accumulated in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. 2. Emerging economies because their share in global emissions is rising faster than other countries’ share. 3. The greatest carbon emitters, no matter if they are industrialized or emerging economies. Fråga 3 What is the main argument for the potential success of the Paris Agreement compared to the Kyoto Protocol? 1. Flexibility: it allows each country to determine its contribution instead of setting common targets, raising chances of a successful engagement with climate change mitigation. 2. Science: data on climate change has improved since 1997, so countries understand better the connection between carbon emissions and climate change. 3. Urgency: extreme weather events have become more frequent, so countries see that they need to act. Fråga 4 If the Paris Agreement is to be successful: 1. The USA needs to join the agreement again because it is the largest carbon emitter. 2. International trade must stop, as it is an important source of carbon emissions. 3. Countries need to increase ambition of their pledges in the 5-year reviews, since even if they comply with their 2015 pledges, long-term global average temperature will be 2.7 ˚C higher than pre-industrial levels.

SU-12 Quiz: Law and Economics for designing climate policy Fråga 1 According to the principles of the economist Pigou, the correct tax on CO2-emissions is: 1. 2. 3. 4.

high enough to stop the use of fossil fuel. equal to the damages caused by emissions. around 25$ per ton. first low and then increasing over time.

Fråga 2 Suppose that the supply of oil is insensitive to the price -- i.e., the amount sellers are willing to sell does not change much when the price changes. What happens if the demand for oil decreases in the world: 1. 2. 3. 4.

The world market price falls and the amount consumed falls proportionally. Little happens with the world market price, but the amount consumed falls a lot. The world market price falls, but the amount consumed does not change much. The world market price increases and the amount consumed does not change much.

Fråga 3 William Nordhaus received the Economics Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel for constructing climateeconomy models called Integrated Assessment models. Such models consist of three integrated submodels. They represent: 1. 2. 3. 4.

The climate, the economy and the carbon circulation. Forrests, fossil fuel extraction and the atmosphere. The three most common sources of energy: fossil, nuclear and hydro. National politics, markets, and interantional negotiations.

Fråga 4 The economic costs of making the world climate neutral are largely born by current generations, but many of the benefits accrue to future generations. Therefore: 1. 2. 3. 4.

the lower the cost of transition, the higher should we set the CO2 tax. the higher the cost of transition, the higher should we set the CO2 tax. the more we value the welfare of future generations, the lower should we set the CO2 tax. the more we value the welfare of future generations, the higher should we set the CO2 tax.

SU-13 Quiz: Cost-effective and efficient climate policies Fråga 1 There are many moral and ethical reasons to introduce climate policy, but it also makes economic sense. According to the cost-benefit analysis, why is it so? 1. Because while costs of action will be taken by a few large players, like multinational companies, benefits will be for all people. 2. Because the costs of inaction are higher than the costs of action – without policy the negative side-effects of emissions are not priced which leads to costly overuse of fossil fuels. 3. Because benefits of mitigating climate change goes directly to poorer countries, correcting a historical disparity. Fråga 2 What is the most economically efficient climate policy (minimizing the total cost of achieving a particular emission target) among the following: 1. A global emission trade system with rights to trade emission rights between rich countries. 2. A global emission trade system with no rights to trade emission rights between countries. 3. A global emission trade system with rights to trade emission rights between all countries. Fråga 3 Why are economic incentives important to push action on climate change? 1. Because human beings are selfish, they never act without receiving economic returns. 2. Because emissions are caused by firms and individuals making decisions on markets. These will not automatically deliver a common good like climate change mitigation: economic incentives can help achieve the required coordination. 3. Because the Paris Agreement states that economic incentives must be employed by all countries involved in climate change mitigation Fråga 4 Should distributional concerns be part of climate policy? 1. No, a common tax rate affects everyone the same. 2. Yes, the central purpose of climate policy is to make the world more equal. 3. Yes, climate policy has different effects on different individuals and firms. Addressing these with compensatory measures is often key for getting acceptance for an effective and efficient climate policy.

SU-14 Quiz: Transportation in the Anthropocene: From local to global and back Fråga 1 How much does transportation account for global GHG emissions? 1. 5% 2. 20% 3. 50% Fråga 2 How big is the proportion of road transport emissions within total transportation emissions in the EU? 1. 20% 2. 40% 3. >50% Fråga 3 What are the three main areas of Intelligent Transportation Systems? 1. Vehicle-based ITS technology, traffic-system technology, driver behavior technology 2. Vehicle behavior ITS technology, traffic-system technology, driving automation technology 3. Vehicle-based ITS technology, traffic-automation technology, driver behavior technology Fråga 4 How can co-working hubs reduce carbon emissions? 1. They juggle family and work 2. They can reduce people’s travel distances to work and make better use of underutilized spaces 3. They are a way for businesses to save costs and time

SU-15 Quiz: New technologies and innovations for carbon neutrality Fråga 1 Tri-generation was mentioned in the video material as a potential way towards carbon neutrality. Which of these statements best describes what this is? 1. Fusion power generation used to charge batteries that take over when solar photovoltaic power production goes down undefined 2. A fuel cell coupled with wastewater treatment to produce both hydrogen, heat and electricity 3. Wind and solar energy used to produce both freshwater from desalinization of seawater as well as hydrogen through thermal decomposition of water Fråga 2 According to the Shell Sky scenario for 2070, do fossil fuels have a role to play in achieving the Paris Agreement goal of keeping global warming to 1.5° above pre-industrial levels? 1. Roughly 10% of the energy mix, without carbon capture and storage (CCS) being necessary 2. Roughly 20% of the energy mix, but always including carbon capture and storage 3. Roughly 40% of the energy mix, but always including carbon capture and storage Fråga 3 In the video material, of these three options, what was the most promising technology for fossil-free road traffic? 1. Vehicles powered by photovoltaics 2. Vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells 3. Plug-in hybrid vehicles Fråga 4 Which sector currently accounts for the major use of oil? 1. Buildings 2. Transportation 3. Manufacturing

SU-16 Quiz: Technologies for SLCP Mitigation Fråga 1 Which of the following substances are targeted as short-lived climate pollutants? 1. Methane, carbon dioxide, HFCs, black carbon (soot) aerosols 2. black carbon (soot) aerosols, methane, HFCs, ozone 3. methane, black carbon (soot) aerosols, nitrous oxide, ozone, HFCs Fråga 2 If the entire world stops emitting black carbon today, how long would it approximately take for black carbon concentrations in the atmosphere to reduce drastically (i.e., by more than 70%)? 1. 25 years 2. 10 days 3. 6 months Fråga 3 What are the most important measures to reduce atmospheric concentrations of black carbon? 1. Minimize car traffic, stop open burning of agricultural crop residue and waste, improve technologies around oil and gas exploration 2. Improved cookstoves for the poorest three billion people, diesel particulate filters for all diesel vehices, filter the atmosphere from aerosol particles 3. Improved cookstoves for the poorest three billion people, diesel particulate filters for all diesel vehices, stop open burning of agricultural crop residue and waste Fråga 4 What are (the scale of) positive effects of mitigating not only CO2 but also SLCP emissions? 1. Reduce warming globally by 2050 by about 0.7C, Save 3 million lives per year through improved air quality, Substantially improve harvest/crop yields (food security), Decrease sea-level rise 2. Reduce warming globally by 2050 by about 0.1C, Save 3 million lives per year through improved air quality, Substantially improved harvest/crop yields (food security), Decrease sea-level rise 3. Reduce warming globally by 2050 by about 1.5C, Save 3 million lives per year through improved air quality, Substantially improved harvest/crop yields (food security), Decrease sea-level rise

SU-17 Quiz: Bending the carbon curve by enhancing carbon sinks Fråga 1 According to Griscom et al. (2017), which natural pathways have...