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Warning: TT: undefined function: 32READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORYSECOND SHIFTINGThe Battle of Mactan and other events during April 26-27, 1521 as told by Antonio Pigafetta, the Italian scholar who traveled with Ferdinand Magellan and witnessed and documented what actually transpired. Source: First V...

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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY SECOND SHIFTING The Battle of Mactan and other events during April 26-27, 1521 as told by Antonio Pigafetta, the Italian scholar who traveled with Ferdinand Magellan and witnessed and documented what actually transpired. Source: First Voyage around the World April 26, 1521 (Friday)- Pre-Battle Datu Zula • A local chieftain who pledged allegiance to Magellan and swore loyalty to the king of Spain. (Unlike lapu lapu, also a chieftain, who resisted) • His son was sent over to Captain-General for him to deliver two goats as presents and to relay the message that his failure to give all his promised good was due to the resistance of the other chief, Chilapulapu. • Sent a message to the Captain-General saying that he could overthrow Chilapulapu if Magellan would send him one boatload of men. Captain-General, Magellan • Sent three boatloads of men, instead of one, as per Datu Zula’s request. • Joined the combat despite how his flock had begged him not to, to personally lead the attack. April 26, 1521 (Friday - Midnight)- Pre-Battle • Sixty (60) men armed with corselets and helmets were set out into a boat to fight against the other chief, Chilapulapu. • Together with the Christian king, prince, and some chief men, they sailed over midnight with 20-30 balanguias to Matan.

April 27, 1521 (3 hours before dawn) 2:17AM- Pre-Battle Spaniards arrived at sea Mactan. • Captain Magellan did not want to resort to any violence. Magellan forced Lapu-lapu to follow Humabon's order • He sent a message to the Moros that in return of peace, they should: • Obey the king of Spain • Treat their Christian King as their superior • Pay tribute to their arrival • The natives replied that if the Spaniards had their lances, they have their lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire. • Not only lances, the Spaniards, particularly Magellan, had guns, swords, body armor, 12 cannons, and 50 cross-bows, to which Rajah Humabon and Datu Zala are impressed. • Before the battle, the natives asked the Spaniards not to attack them all at once and wait until morning, to gather more men to fight with. • The natives said that they dug pitholes to persuade them not to look for them. • Magellan waited until daybreak before sending another message to Lapu-Lapu to surrender to Spanish sovereignty. April 27, 1521 (Morning)-The Battle Proper • The crew of Magellan anchored their ship far from the shore due to rocky outcroppings and corals in the beach. • Forty-nine [49] armored men leaped into the waters while the remaining eleven [11] remained to guard the ships. • The indians (natives) formed three [3] divisions, and each divisions, there were roughly more than one thousand five hundred [1500] men. • When the indians (natives) saw the crew, two [2] of their divisions attacked from the flank while the other from the front. • When the captain saw that, he quickly divided his crew into two [2] divisions and they began the fight. 1SMT | yOuRE hURTinG My NeuROm

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The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a half-hour but uselessly passed through the shields of the bearers which were made of thin wood and their arms. The Captain cried “Cease firing, Cease firing” but nobody paid attention They continued to load and fired their muskets but the Indians were able to defend or guard themselves through the use of shields and right positioning. o They shot arrows and hurled bamboo spears tipped with iron aiming at the Captain-general. When the captain-general saw that they were having a hard time to defend themselves, some men burned their houses to terrify them. o As soon as the natives saw their houses burning, they were roused to greater fury. o As the burning takes place, with twenty to thirty houses down, two of the men were killed near the place. o Given that a lot of natives have charged down upon the men, the captain was then shot through the right leg with a poisoned arrow. o The Captain ordered his men to withdraw from the fight however the men took to flight and only six or eight were left with the captain. o The natives kept on aiming at their legs where spears and stones continue to be hurdled at them that they could not resist. o The boat’s mortars could not fire due to the distance of the shore that is beyond its range. o They continued to retreat while avoiding continuous crossbow arrows aimed at their legs. o The natives kept on surging by picking up the same bamboo spears and being hurled at the Captain’s troop again and again for four to six times. o In the midst of continuous pursuance of natives and as they recognize the captain, many have turned upon him and even knocked his helmet off his head twice. o The captain remained firm like a good knight together with other comrades. o From the order of cease fire, they fought for another hour in the middle of retiring farther and towards the boats. o A native tried to cast the captain's face with a bamboo spear. o However, the native was immediately knock off by the captain using his lance, which was left intact within the native’s body. o Owing to a wound in the arm caused by a bamboo spear, the captain tried to draw out his sword, but only managed to draw it out halfway. o The natives attacked the captain when he went for his sword to defend himself o One native managed to cut him on the leg with a large curved sword This caused the captain to fall face first on the ground The natives then rushed towards him with iron and bamboo spears and cutlasses in hand Their wounded captain while being attacked by natives checked his comrades countless times to make sure that they are all back in the boat. The captain was killed due to numerous hit by the natives. The survivors retreated and went into their boat immediately when their captain died

The Battle of Mactan by Pigafetta from the point of view of the Natives April 26, 1521 (Friday) • Zula, the chief of the island of Matan, sent one of his sons to give two goats to the captain-general • Cilapulapu or Lapu-lapu, also a chief, refused to follow the king of Spagnia. He didn’t allow Zula to send all that he promised to the captain-general • Zula asked the captain-general to send him one boatload of men to help fight Cilapulapu • Rajah Humabon issued an order to other chiefs in Cebu to provide food and other supplies to Magellan’s ships and they must embrace Christianity • Every chieftain followed the order of Rajah Humabon, except Lapu-Lapu. 1SMT | yOuRE hURTinG My NeuROm

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April 27, 1521 (3 hours before dawn) • The natives in Mactan received a proposal from the Spaniards: Obey the king of Spagnia, recognize the Christian King as their sovereign, and pay them tribute. All of these for exchange of a friendship. Otherwise, it would lead to a war. • The natives refused the proposal and replied from the threat by saying that they have lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire. • The natives asked the Spaniards to wait until the morning to attack in order to prepare more men and provoked them by saying that they had dug pit holes between their houses in order for the Spaniards to fall into them. April 27, 1521 (Morning) • The strong men of Lapu-Lapu waited for the Spaniards to come closer, ready for battle. • The natives saw the forty-nine Spaniards approaching the shore and they charged towards the Spaniards with their loud cries. • The Spaniards boats tried to reach the shore but couldn’t due to some certain rocks in the water. • The natives divided into three groups and surprised the Spaniards by firing a barrage of arrows , but due to the Spaniards’ shields and helmets, the attacks left no permanent damage. • The Spaniards continued firing their muskets at the natives but they stand firm and covered themselves with shields. • The natives continued to pursue the Spaniards, hurling their spears at the captain-general. • The captain-general of the Spaniards sent his men to burn the houses of the natives in order to terrify them and ease the pressure on his small force. However, this did not distract or demoralize the natives. • The natives were roused to greater fury and killed two Spaniards while they burned twenty to thirty houses. • The natives continued on firing arrows at the Spaniards’ legs. Spears and stones were also thrown at the Spaniards. • The natives pursued the Spaniards and picked up their spears and hurled it at them again and again. • The natives recognized the captain, Magellan, and turned up to him, knocking off his helmet • One of the indian natives hurled a bamboo into Magellan’s face and was also killed by his lance. As the natives saw what happened to one of their own, they continued to hurl upon Magellan and wounded him on his left leg with a large cutlass which forced their victim to fall face downward and wounded him until his dying breath. April 27, 1521 (Afternoon) • Lapu-Lapu received a letter from the Christian King to negotiate the return of the bodies of Magellan and his men in exchange for all merchandise • The grieving rajah-king, hoping to recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious chief a handsome ransom of copper and iron for them but Datu Lapu-Lapu refused. He refused to give up such a man, even for all the riches in the world. • Lapu-Lapu planned to keep Magellan’s body as a memorial that represents the symbol of triumph over the foreign invaders.

HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Antonio De Morga • About the relation of the Filipinas Islands and of their natives, antiquity, customs, and government • Period: Period of paganism and after the conquest by Spaniards CHAPTER EIGHTH 1SMT | yOuRE hURTinG My NeuROm

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Native/Pre-colonial Filipinos described • black in color; men and women have woolly hair, and are strong and robust yet do not have a great statue. • Referred to as “barbarians,” and were identified to have little capacity; cannot be placed a confidence on • Possess no fixed house or settlements yet wander in bands and hordes; changing from one site to another (Nomads) • Support themselves through planting rice and through hunting (which uses bows) • Lives on honey from mountains and roots produced by the ground • Given to killing and attacking the settlements of other natives • Attempt fair or foul means for opportunity and necessity demand Clothing • For men: ➢ Chinanas - short collarless garments of cangan, sewed together in the front, and with short sleeves, and reaching slightly below the waist, some were blue and others black, while the chiefs had some red ones ➢ Bahaque - strip of colored cloth wrapped around the waist, and passed between the legs to cover private parts, reaching the half-way down the thigh ➢ Legs bare, feet unshod, and the head uncovered ➢ Potong – narrow cloth bound on their forehead and temples ➢ Gold necklaces wrought like a spun wax, and some are larger ➢ Calombigas - armlets of wrought gold which are large and made in different patterns ➢ Cornelians and Agates – strings of precious stones; others have blue and white (esteem highly) ➢ Some strings of the stones are worn around the legs with certain cords and covered with black pitch in many foldings as garters Principalities and Lordships • Inherited in the male line and by succession of father and son and their descendatns • Brothers and collateral relatives succeeded if son is lacking • Rule and govern their subjects and followers, and to assist them in their interests and necessities • What they receive from their followers was held by them in great veneration and respect, and served during wars and voyages, and in their tilling, sowing, fishing, and the building of their houses • Natives attended promptly when summoned by the chief • Tributes (Buiz) were paid to the chiefs in varying quantities in the crops that they gathered • Descendants of the chiefs were held in the same respect and consideration • They were all regarded as nobles and exempted from services or timaguas (plebeians) • Same right and nobility of chieftainship for men and women • When one chief is more courageous than the other during the war; he or she will gain more followers, and others will be under his leadership even the chief ➢ The latter retained lordship and own government called barangay ➢ They had datos and other special leaders who attended to the interests of the barangay • Barangays were treated as subjects; they treated these well or ill, and disposed of their persons, children, possessions, at will, without any resistance, or rendering account to anyone ➢ They were wont to kill and wound them, and to enslave them (punishment for being disrespectful) Dispute or Suits 1SMT | yOuRE hURTinG My NeuROm

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Over matters of property and interest, or over personal injuries and wrongs received, they appointed old men of the same district to try them with the parties being present • There should be proofs and witnesses • Case was judged according to what was found, according to the usages of their ancestors on like occasions • Observed and executed without any further objection or delay • Laws throughout the islands were made in the same manner • They followed the traditions and customs of their ancestors without anything being written • There were variations in some provinces; however, most islands generally used the same Three conditions of people 1. Chiefs ➢ The leader of the barangays who possessed most gold and power 2. Timaguas/Timawa ➢ Are equivalent to plebeians 3. Slaves/Alipin ➢ For both chiefs and timaguars ➢ Saguiguilires – all kinds of work and slavery; they served inside the house, as did the children born of them ➢ Namamahays - there are others who live in their own houses with their families, outside the house of their lord; they come to aid during the sowings and harvests, house construction, and service when there are guests of distinction; bound to come to their lords house whenever he summons them, and serves without any pay or stipend ➢ If the father or mother is a slave, their child is half-free and half-slave ➢ More than one child, first – follows the condition of the father; second – follows the condition of the mother ➢ Odd number – last child was half free and half slave ➢ Half fourth slaves – served their masters during every other moon ➢ Slaves can be inherited; division for many heirs – serve each one for a due time ➢ Slave is not a full slave – has the right to compel his master to emancipate him for a just price o Usual price of a sanguiguilir slave is ten taes of good gold or eighty pesos o For a namamahay, half of that sum o Others are in the same proportion, taking into consideration the person and age ➢ No fixed origin of these kinds of slavery, but were thought to be made from wars and quarrels o The most powerful made the others slaves, and seized them for slight cause or occasion, and many times for loans and usurious contracts made o The interest, capital, and debt increased so much with delay that the borrowers became slaves o Thought to have violent and unjust beginnings o Occupy the judges in the exterior court with them, and their confessors in that of conscience ➢ Slaves comprise the greatest wealth and capital of the natives of these islands o They were useful to them and necessary for cultivation of their property o They are sold, traded, and exchanged among them, just as any other mercantile article o One village to another, province to another, and island to another ➢ Slaveries were examined, and their origin and source ascertained ➢ Slaves were preserved and held as they were formerly Marriages •

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Chiefs with women chiefs Timaguas with those of that rank, and slaves with their own class Different classes can intermarry One woman who was married – legitimate wife and mistress of the house; styled ynasaba o Had legitimate and whole heirs children Friends – were kept besides the woman married o Were not so regarded, were left something by assignment but they did not inherit Dowry or Vigadicaya – furnished by the man and given by his parents Wife furnished nothing for the marriage until she inherited it from her parents Solemnity of marriage o Agreement between the parents and relatives of the contracting parties o Payment of dowry agreed upon to the father of the bride o Assembling at the wife’s parents’ house of all the relatives to eat and drink until they would fall down At night the man took the woman to his house and power, she remains Marriages were annulled and dissolved for slight cause, with the examination and judgement of the relatives of both parties, and of the old men (mediators) o Man took the dowry unless the separation happened through husband’s fault o Property they had acquired together was divided into halves; each one disposed of his own o If one made any profits in which the other had no participation on, he acquires it to himself alone

Indians • Were adopted one by another in presence of relatives • Give and deliver all his actual possessions to the one who adopted him • Will remain in the foster parents’ house and care, and had the right for inheritance Adulteries • Not punishable corporally • If the adulterer paid the aggrieved party the amount adjudged and agreed upon the old men, then the injury was pardoned o Husband was appeased and retained his honor o He would still live with his wife and had no further talk Inheritances • All the legitimate children inherited equally from their parents • If there were any movable or landed property, such went to the nearest relatives and the collateral side of the stock when there are no heirs • Same cases with or without will • Act of drawing a will, there was no further ceremony than to have written it or to have stated it orally before acquaintances • The eldest son of an ynasaba succeeded the chief o The second son succeeds if the eldest dies o No sons, daughters succeeded in the same order o No legitimate successors, the succession went to the nearest relative belonging to the lineage • Slave women as concubines and had children – children and slave were free o Children of these were regarded as illegitimate, and did not succeed to the inheritance with the other children, neither were the parents obliged to leave them anything 1SMT | yOuRE hURTinG My NeuROm

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o No privilege to nobility or chiefmanship o Were reckoned as plebeians and in the number and rank of the other timaguas o No children - continues being a slave Contracts and Negotiations • Generellay illegal; each one paying attention to how he might better his own business and interest • Loans with interest were very commin and much practiced o Interest incurred was excessive o Debt doubled and increased as the payment delays o Until it stripped the debtor of all his possessions, and he and his children become slaves Trading • Bartering one thing for another such as food, cloth, cattle, fowls, lands, houses, fields, slaves, fishing-grounds, and palm-trees (both nipa and wild) • A price can intervene (gold, metal bells from China) o These bells are regarded as precious jewels; they resemble large pans and are very sonorous o Played at feasts, and carried to the war in the boats instead of instruments • Delays and terms for certain payments, and bondsmen who intervene and bind themselves o But always with very usurious and excessive profits and interests Crimes • Were punished by request of the aggrieved parties • Thefts punished with greater severity; robbers are enslaved or put to death somethines • Insulting words spoken to the chiefs were also considered as crimes • Insulting words were pardoned less willingly and with greater difficulty than a personal violence like wounding and assaulting • Concubinage, rape, and incest were not regarded as crimes o Unless it was committed by a timagua on the person of a woman chief o Concubinage of a man with the sister of his wife was an ordinary practice Other relationships • Bagontaos – single men • Dalagas – girls of marriageable age • Both classes are people of little restraint, and from early childhood they have communication with one another, and mingle w...