Revisions - Lecture 1 & 2 PDF

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Revisions for 10th June exam, lecture material provided by Nigel....

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TOU1107M – Revisions Lectures 1 & 2

24/04/2021

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Tourism: Themes, Concepts and Issues Tourism: A Global Activity Tourism is part of a global process of change and development (known as globalisation) which is no longer confined to developed countries. Understanding how and why changes in tourism activity occur, what motivates people to travel and how their patterns of tourism affect tourism destinations/communities are pervasive challenges for researchers, managers and policy makers. Understanding the pace of change in tourism is more complex as the forces of change are diverse. Why Tourism Matters For cultural preservation, environmental protection, peace & security, jobs, economic growth, counts for 10% of world’s GDP, development, USS 1.6 trillion in exports, 30% of services exports, 7% of world exports, 1/10 of jobs. Tourism as an Area of Study (Page & Connell, 2014) Discipline: Geography – spatial analysis of where tourism develops and why; Ecology – the impact of tourism on the natural environment; Agricultural studies – The significance of rural tourism to rural diversification; Parks & Recreation – Recreation management techniques in natural areas such as natural parks used by tourists; Urban & Regional Planning – The planning and development of tourism; Marketing – the marketing of tourism; Law – the legal framework and implications for tourists and tourism operators; Business & management science – the management of tourism organizations; Transport Studies – the provision of tourist transport services; Hotel & Restaurant – administration – the provision of hospitality services and accommodation for tourists; Educational studies – tourism curriculum and development; Sociology – Sociological analyses and frameworks to understand tourism as an element of people’s leisure time; Economics – the economic impact of tourism; Psychology – tourist motivation to explain why people travel; Anthropology – the host-guest relationship; Safety management & ergonomics – the design and development of environments and activities which are safe for tourists. Tourism: Conceptual Definitions “Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment.” (UNWTO – tourism glossary). The more recent term “sustainable tourism” reinforces aspirations as a force for inclusive and equitable development, environmental protection, poverty reduction and sustainable economic growth. (UNWTO, 2015).

TOU1107M – Revisions Lectures 1 & 2

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Conceptualising Tourism (Burkhart & Medlik, 1981). 1. Tourism arises from the movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations; 2. Two elements – the journey to the destination and the stay, including activities; 3. Takes place outside the normal place of residence and work and gives rise to distinct activities; 4. The movement to the destinations is temporary and short term, with the intention to return home in a few days; 5. Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or renumerated employment from within the places visited. Tourism: Technical Definitions (Inkson & Minnaert, 2018) Importance of a standardized and internationally accepted definition of tourism to facilitate:  Collection of statistical data about size and economic value;  Measurement of tourism’s value to national, regional and local economies;  Monitoring of trends and anticipate changes in demand;  Comparisons between countries, regions of countries and individual destinations. Defining Tourism: Technical Definitions Lumsden (1997) summarises majority of the key terms used to define tourism.  Traveller, visitor or tourist – terms used to describe a person travelling to and staying in a place away from their usual environment for more than one night but less than one year, for leisure, business and other purposes.  International tourism – travel between countries by various modes of travel for the purpose of tourism. This can be subsided as follows: 1. Long Haul: Travel which includes long distances (e.g. over 1000 miles) between continents; 2. Short Haul: Travel between countries which involves shorter distances or travel time (e.g. 250-1000 miles); 3. Inbound: Visits to a country by non-residents (importation of overseas currency); 4. Outbound: Visits by residents of one country (exporting currency to other countries); 5. Domestic Tourism: Internal travel and inbound tourism in total; 6. Excursionist or same-day visitors: visitors who begin and end their visit from the same base (home or holiday base) within the same 24-hour period. The concept of tourist is more specific than visitor as it refers to specific types of travel: (UN, 2010)  Those who travel outside his/her usual environment,  For less than a year, and  For a main purpose other than to be employed by a resident entity in the place visited. Defining Tourism – The temporary mobility in time and space nexus with typical profile of tourist activity (Hall, 2005). The UN’s Classification of the Main Purpose of a Tourist Trip: (Inkson & Minnaert, 2018)  Personal, holidays leisure and recreation: sightseeing, visiting natural or man-made sites, attending sporting or cultural events, recreational sports activities (skiing, riding, golf, tennis, diving, surfing, sailing, climbing, etc), using beaches, swimming pools and recreation and entertainment facilities, cruising, gambling, attending summer camps, resting, honey-

TOU1107M – Revisions Lectures 1 & 2

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mooning, fine dining, well-being and fitness (spas, therapies), staying in a vacation home owned or leased by the tourist. Visiting friends and relatives: visiting friends and relatives, attending weddings, funerals or other family events, short-term caring duties; Education & training: formal and informal short-term courses or study programmes, professional or other special courses, university sabbatical leaves; Health & medical care: receiving short-term hospital, clinic, convalescent services, health and social institutions, visiting health resorts for medical treatments; Religion & pilgrimage: attending religious meetings and events, pilgrimages; Shopping: purchasing consumer goods, for personal use or as gifts; Transit: stopping at a place without any specific purpose other than being en route to another destination; Other: Volunteer work, investigative work, temporary unpaid activities not included elsewhere; Business & Professional: the activities of self-employed and employees not linked to direct employment in the destination region: attendance at meetings, conferences, trade fairs and exhibitions, giving lectures, performing concerts, shows and plays, buying and selling goods or services on behalf of non-resident producers, diplomatic, military or international government missions, NG0 missions, scientific and academic research, professional sports, formal or informal on-the-job training courses, crew member or private transport.

Tourism as a Part of a Leisure Spectrum (Page & Connell, 2014) Boundaries between leisure, recreation and tourism are becoming increasingly blurred as leisure has become commercialised and often involves travel (e.g. by car).  Leisure is viewed as time, activities and experience derived freedom to spend free time;  Recreation is about the activities undertaken in one’s leisure time leading to renewal;  Tourism is travel to a destination (involving overnight stay, at least 24 hours away from home and less than 1 year away from home) which incorporates leisure and recreation activities. Globalisation and the Production and Consumption of Tourism (Page & Connell, 2014) The impact of information technology has made the world a more interconnected place, compressing time and place and intensifying connections, access to do business with global consumers via the internet. For the tourist, global bundles of services and products are purchased and consumed across the world as a function of globalisation. Unlike global manufacturing and production, tourism is place-specific. The destination is the point of consumption and production is fragmented across many sectors of the economy (e.g. accommodation, tour operators, transport, attractions). Globalisation: Key Factors Shaping Tourism (Page & Connell, 2014) Global issues facing tourism:  Sustainability;  Understand the future;  Destination development (competitiveness);  Innovation in destination management;  The tourism business environment (e.g. global economic crisis, barriers to tourism);  New media (e.g. eTourism);  The visitor (protecting their well-being and market trends);

TOU1107M – Revisions Lectures 1 & 2  

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Working with partners (cooperation and collaboration); Tourism as a force for societal growth (e.g. corporate social responsibility, poverty alleviation and social marketing.

Summary:  Tourism has a multidisciplinary nature;  Often takes a crisis (e.g. 9/11) to reinforce public awareness of tourism as an academic subject;  One continued issue is the failure to agree on clear parameters for observation, measurement and evaluation, affecting its “rigour” as a subject;  Successful tourism enterprises and destinations must be able to adapt to the environment in which they operate.  Three major forces today are: - Globalisation and global conflict; - Sustainability and climate change; - Technological advances.

Lecture 2 – The Evaluation and Development of Tourism Introduction: Early “tourists” made up of the social elite, pursued pleasure and relaxation in regions away from the main towns and cities, epitomising modern-day tourism. Tourism is dependent upon several factors which have facilitated its growth and development, particularly transport and access, leisure time and means to afford to travel (e.g. disposable income and wealth). The Origins of Modern Tourism  Evolved as far back as the XV century: it’s believed ancient Greeks and romans used seaside resorts;  XVII century: “polite visiting” – upper classes travelled on circuits of associates/society figures, viewing architecture, gardens and works of art (e.g. Jane Austen’s Pride & Prejudice);  XVIII century: “Grand Tour” – seasonal outbound trips by young aristocrats, perception that travel would broaden the mind. Going from city-to-city partying (Britain, France, Germany, etc);  Length varied from 3 years in XVII century to six months or less in XVIIII century. Stays of 3 months common in Paris.

The History of Thomas Cook Company: Key Milestones  Cook widely acknowledged for early role in promotion of domestic and international travel, publishing “Cook’s Exhibition Herald and Excursion Advertiser” in 1851;  “The Excursionist” highlighted power of advertisement selling 100,000 copies per month in 1880’s;  By 1891, the company was a truly global operation, with 84 offices, 85 agencies, 2692 staff of which 1000 were in Egypt;  By 1899, tourists were travelling on the new Trans-Siberian express and a record year of 7 million tickets were issued.

TOU1107M – Revisions Lectures 1 & 2

24/04/2021

The Rise of Mass Domestic Tourism and the Seaside Resort  While upper classes undertook Grand Tours of Europe in XVIII Century, others visited seaside resorts and spa towns in domestic travel. Mainly for those who could afford it.  Major tourism was health tourism – spas like Scarborough in mid XVII century were popular for mineral and sea water properties.  UK working hours were reduced and organised later in XVIIII century.  UK legislation for four annual public/bank holidays in 1871;  Northern England factories closed for holiday en masse known as “wake weeks” – to promote morale, efficiency and attendance.  Working class holidays common by 1890’s – railways played significant role to travel further, faster and more affordable;  England and Wales – the number of rail travellers increased twenty-fold between 1840 and 1870 to seaside resorts;  Resort Hierarchy developed: some like Southend becoming embodiments of mass tourism to be ridiculed, others liked Bournemouth retaining high esteem;  Wealthy and status conscious visitors competed with plebeian locals for access and enjoyment of amenities.  Railways helped tourism’s development;  Southend was ridiculed;  Blackpool history. Seen as uncool, common, druggie based. Tourism in the XX Century: 1900 – 1939 1920’s and 1930’s early stages of collecting tourism statistics:  Shows impact of Wall Street Cash;  Global flu pandemic past WWI reduced international travel and domestic tourism; Growing recognition of value of a holiday:  Before WWII the Amulree Report in UK led to the holidays with Pay Act 1938. Doubling average weekly wages over same period were also contributing factors to seaside and tourism growth. WWII and Tourism  In wartime, holidays were suspended. However, many railway companies ignored government instructions in advertising not to run extra trains at holiday times.  Railway statistics show volume of pleasure travel from 1939-1945 in UK was broadly similar to pre 1939 levels.  While travel decreased in some classes of ticket, shift to purchasing full far tickets instead of excursion tickets saw growth after initial outbreak of war. Tourism in the XX century: 1945 – 1970  Rapid growth in western countries after WWII;  Period of prosperity following depression of 1930’s meant greater disposable income and more leisure time. Standard three weeks annual holidays implemented plus growth in car ownership.  1950’s and 1960’s introduced package holidays by air using charter aircraft;  Radio & television in the home challenged cinema and advertising grew. Overseas travel increased for working classes.

TOU1107M – Revisions Lectures 1 & 2

24/04/2021

 Popularity of holiday camps like Butlins (1936) diminished in 1960’s. Tourism in the XX century: Post 1970 Some of the themes that are particularly significant in this period, many of which are interrelated, include:  Greater internationalisation and globalisation of tourism;  Changes in technology (Boeing, 747);  The legislative environment;  Increasing political recognition of tourism’s economic impacts;  A rise in consumer spending;  Emergence of “new” consumers;  Changes in products;  Development of marketing, research and information. Tourism as a System (Leiper’s tourism system, 1979: 404) Components of Leiper’s tourism system Tourist Generating Region – Permanent residence of the tourist. Marketing activities by destinations and many of their suppliers. Many travel intermediaries. Transit Region – Tourists travelling to the destination/tourists returning from the destination. Tourist Destination Region – Tourist arriving and staying. Transportation infrastructure and operators. Accommodation supply, attractions, venues and other services. Host community, environment and economy. Each region is influenced by broader environments: physical, cultural, social, economic, political, technological, legal. Broader Environments – influences affecting generating and destination regions and transit routes (technology, economic, sustainability…). The Tourist. Leiper’s Tourism System Since tourism is a multidisciplinary area of study, a system approach is adequate. According to Leiper (1990), a “system” can be defined as a set of elements that are connected to each other by a common area, in this case, the tourism industry. As external factors (e.g. business environment, consumer preferences, political and economical factors) are important influences upon tourism systems, the system can be termed ‘open’, which means that it is influenced by factors aside from the main inputs. The links within the system can be examined in terms of flows (relationships). Tourism as a System – the analytical value of this approach enables to understand and manage the overall process of international tourist travel from both the supply and demand perspective while identifying the organisations which influence and regulate tourism. This perspective highlights the importance for Destination Management Organisations. Conclusion:  Development of tourism in the last 200 years has been inextricably linked to political, economic, social and technological influences;  Those without the financial means or time available have not been able to participate;  Destinations move through a cycle of development which lead to a stage of consolidation (at least) or decline (at worst) and where a catalyst for change can be mobilised;  Globalisation and a greater competition for tourism mean places need to stay ahead of the game through reinvestment....