Spanish 1 study guide overview PDF

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Study guide overview of intro to Spanish...

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ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. Name and explain the use of all Definite and Indefinite Articles.

In the English speaking language, there are two kinds of articles otherwise known as the indefinite article and the definite articles. Similarly, Spanish uses these grammar concepts as well. The definite article in English is called “the” while Spanish uses to el, la, los, and la. El or la are singular definite articles used before the noun, but one has to decide whether to choose el or la accordingly to grammar rules. El is placed before a singular masculine noun, and la is used before a feminine singular noun for definite articles. In addition, los is used before a plural masculine noun, and las are used before a plural feminine noun for definite articles. However, indefinite articles are used to express the words, “a, an, and some”. The singular indefinite articles in Spanish use un and una in place of “a and an”. Un is used for the masculine singular and una is used for the feminine singular. Furthermore, plural indefinite articles are to replace the word some; unos for the plural masculine and unas for the plural feminine nouns.

2. Nouns in Spanish are divided into two genders. Please explain with details all about this topic. Give all exceptions to these rules as well.

As expressed above, nouns in Spanish are divided into two genders, the masculine and the feminine. Masculine words usually ends in O and feminine words usually end in A, but there are several exceptions to this rule. Masculine words are expressed in the endings of –ama, -ema, -apa, and –epa. Furthermore, feminine words can end in –ción (accent on top of O) and –sión (accept on top of O), -red, -tad, dad,tud, dud. Unfortunately, that doesn’t seem to cover all endings. Nouns ending in –e,-i, -u are defined as being masculine. Nouns ending in e are usually used in professions and occupations; therefore, it is defined as

masculine. As far as occupations or professions go the ending –ista can be either masculine or feminine. There are other exceptions, but there is no reasoning behind; one should have to remember them.

el mediodía (masculine despite the a at the end) la leche ( feminine article despite the e at the end) la mano (feminine article despite the o at the end)

3. How do we change nouns and adjectives from singular to plural? Explain the rule.

We change nouns and adjectives from singular to plural, but it depends on the ending. If the adjectives and nouns end in a vowel, then we would have to simply add S. If the ending results into a consonant, we must add ES. In addition, if the word ends in a Z, we must drop it and add CES. Finally, if the word has accent and ends in a consonant, then a person will add ES and drop the accent. 4. How do we do dates in Spanish? Explain how the pattern works and use your date of birth as an example.

Dates in Spanish are very different compared to English and are referred to as Fecha. To make it easier I will provide the form, fill-inthe-blanks, and explain why. Es el _____ de________ de/l _________. Es el translates as It is. In the first blank is the number of the day and de can be referred as of. The second black is the name of the month. The second De is used for any year before 2000 and one can would assume that Del is used for any year after 2000. In English my birthday is January, 10,1994.

If I was to tell somebody my birthday, I would say, “Es el diez de enero de mil novecientos noventa y cuatro. Spanish people would write: (10/1/1994) (mil)= 1000

5. Explain the formatting to tell time. Give two examples.

Someone might ask “Que hora es?” , which translates to What time is it?. We use “Es la”, for any time between 1:00-1:59. We use “Es la” in this case because one means uno and is considered singular. Let’s say it is “Es la una y caruenta y dos. I just said it is 1:42. However, since other times are more than one, we would start “Son las”. Furthermore, we use de la mañana (in the morning) for AM and de la tarde to represent the afternoon until 6:59. De la noche is used after 6:59 PM and easily translated as evening. Noon is often expressed as mediodía while Midnight is expressed as medianoche. 7:51 PM is expressed as “Son las sies y cincuenta y unos de la noche. 5:30 AM is expressed as “Son las cinco y treinta de la mañana .

6. Explain the stem changes for UE, I and IE. How do they work? List all verbs that we have learned for each group.

Regular verbs do not require the usage of stem changes and change as usual accordingly to the rules. For example: Comer(to eat) –ER

HABLAR(to speak)-AR VIVIR(to live)-IR

Yo

COM(O)

HABL(O)

VIV(O)

Tú

COM(ES)

HABL(AS)

VIV(ES)

Ella, el, Usted

COM(E)

HABL(A)

VIV(E)

Nosotros

COM(EMOS)

HABL(AMOS )

VIV(IMOS )

Ustedes, ellos, ellas

COM(EN)

HABL(AN)

VIV(EN)

Words in the parenthesis are there to show the changes.

I will explain the stem changes for UE. Let me use JUGAR as an example and this word means to play sports.

JUGAR As shown I highlighted this letter because you need identify the second to last vowel and in this case it is U. In other cases some words may have either an U or O and we need to make changes conjugating to the UE changes. In this case, we change the U to UE and incorporate the ending –AR conjugation.

OTHERS WORDS INCLUDED IN THIS RULE: Jugar, Dormir, Poder, Volar, Volver, Encontrar, Almorzar, Contar

Therefore it goes like this

-AR conjugation with STEM Changing UE. Keep in mind not to change the Nosotros conjugation

Yo

JUEGO

Tú

JUEGAS

El, ella, usted

JUEGA

Nosotros

JUEGAMOS

Ustedes, ellos, ellas

JUEGAN

I will explain the stem changes for IE. Let me use PENSAR as an example and this word means to think.

ENTENDER As shown I highlighted this letter because you need identify the second to last vowel and in this case it is E. In this case, we change the E to IE and incorporate the ending –ER conjugation.

OTHERS WORDS INCLUDED IN THIS RULE: Preferiri, Sugerir, Pensar, Perder, Querer, Entender, Cerrar. Empezar

Therefore it goes like this

-ER conjugation with STEM Changing IE. Keep in mind not to change the Nosotros conjugation

Yo

ENTIENDO

Tú

ENTIENDES

El, ella, usted

ENTIENDE

Nosotros

ENTIENDEMOS

Ustedes, ellos, ellas

ENTIENDEN

I will explain the stem changes for E. Let me use PEDIR as an example and this word means to ask for.

PEDIR As shown I highlighted this letter because you need identify the second to last vowel and in this case it is E. In this case, we change the E to I and incorporate the ending –IR conjugation.

OTHERS WORDS INCLUDED IN THIS RULE: Repetir, Medir, Pedir

Therefore it goes like this

-IR conjugation with STEM Changing I. Keep in mind not to change the Nosotros conjugation

Yo

PIDO

Tú

PIDES

El, ella, usted

PIDE

Nosotros

PEDIMOS

Ustedes, ellos, ellas

PIDEN

7. Explain the “spelling changes” on pretérito for endings CAR, GAR and ZAR. Write a sentence for each verb.

There are verbs that end in –CAR, -GAR, and –ZAR. For the most part, the conjugation appear to be normal except for the first person ONLY. So, you change endings –CAR- to QUE , -GAR to –GUE, and –ZAR into CE. Don’t forget to put the accents on the last word ONLY in first person. In the regular verb for preterito endings.

BUSCAR

JUGAR

EMPEZAR

Yo

BUSQUÉ

JUGUÉ

EMPECÉ

Tú

BUSCASTE

JUGASTE

EMPEZASTE

Usted, el, ella

BUSCO

JUGO

EMPEZO

Nosotros

BUSCAMOS

JUGAMOS

EMPEZAMOS

Ustedes, ellas, ellos

BUSCARON

JUGARON

EMPEZARON

Jugué al fútbol. Quiero que busqué la dirección en el mapa. empecé a estudiar español un mes después.

Yo

8. Explain the use of ser and estar. Explain dontpie and left. Ser and estar is both translated as to be. The use of ser can be used in the acronym DON’T PIE which stands for Description, Origin/Occupations, Nationality/ Name, Time, Profession/Personality Traits, Identification, and Event taking place. Then apply the conjugations of SER.

Yo

soy

Tú

erres

Usted, el, ella

es

Nosotros

somos

Ustedes, Ellos, Ellas

son

The usage of Estar with the acronym CLEFT which stands in Current Condition, Location, (Emotions, Feelings using ido/ada), and temporary conditions. Then apply the conjugations of ESTAR Yo

estoy

Tú

estás

Usted, ella, el

está

Nosotros

estamos

Ustedes, ellas, ellos

están

9. Name ten expressions with tener.

Tener frío (to be cold) Tener suerte (to be lucky) Tener calor(to be hot) Tener prisa(to be in a hurry) Tener sueño (to be sleepy) Tener razón (to be right) Tener miedo(to be afraid)

Tener hambre(to be hungy) Tener éxito (to be successful) Tener sed(to be thirsty)

10. Name ten adjectives we may use with estar. aburrido - bored alegre - happy caliente - hot cansado - tired confundido - confused asustado- scared avergonzado- embarrassed, ashamed enamorado - in love enfermo - sick sucio – dirty

11. Write the formulas for:

-

Comparison of Equality for adjectives

Subject+Verb+Tan+ADJ+COMO+NOUN

-

Comparison of Inequality for adjectives Subject+Verb+MAS/MENOS+ADJ+QUE+NOUN

-

Comparison of Equality for nouns (as much/as many) Subject+Verb+Tanto+NOUN+COMO+NOUN Subject+Verb+Tanta+NOUN+COMO+NOUN Subject+Verb+Tantos+NOUN+COMO+NOUN Subject+Verb+Tantas+NOUN+COMO+NOUN

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Comparison of Equality for verbs. Subject+Verb+Tanto+COMO+NOUN

12. Explain adverbs in Spanish. What is the rule? List 5 of them. Rapid(o)- rápidamente Sincer(o)- sinceramente Necesari(o)- necesaramente Diligent(e)- diligentemente Fuert(e)- fuertemente Adverbs in English are used to describe the noun like an adjective and is commonly seen with the ending –ly. However, in Spanish, one would need to look at the adjective form and if it ends in the letter O, drop the O and change it to an A and add the ending –MENTE. If the words ends in e for example, then you just add – MENTE in these cases above....