STAS- Midterm - Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology / Medical Laboratory Science (BSMT PDF

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (BS MLS 1Y2 – 5)

THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY •

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The term has been derived from two Greeks words, ‘Philos’ means love and ‘Sophia’ means wisdom. Philosophy is a broad field of knowledge in which the definition of knowledge itself is one of the subjects investigated. Philosophy is a field of inquiry – the pursuit of wisdom; the predecessor and complement of science, developing the issues which underlie science and pondering those questions which are beyond the scope of science Philosophy means love for knowledge or passion for learning. It spans the nature of the universe, the mind, and the body; the relationships between all three, and between people. It is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY 1. Epistemology The theory of knowledge, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech/study), is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin, scope and (possibility/study) of knowledge. Dealing with nature, is one of the branches of philosophy. 2. Metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principles" and "being" (ontology). Metaphysics is the study of the most general aspects of reality, pertaining to subjects such as substance, identity, the nature of the mind, and free will. META – BEYOND BEYOND PHYSICS; BEYOND SCIENCE 3. Logic Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, but coming to mean thought or reason is most often said to be the study of arguments. Logic is the study of correct reasoning. M.A.T. CARAMAT

MR. KEVIN L. DE GUZMAN

“WHAT WE KNOW?” “HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW?” LOGIC = WHAT IS THE REASON 4. Ethics Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the "science (study) of morality". In philosophy, ethical behavior is that which is "good" or "right". Its the study of right and wrong in human endeavors ETHICS – STUDY OF CORRECTNESS 5. Aesthetics Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that explores the creation and appreciation of beauty through critical analysis and reflection. “WHAT IS BEAUTY?” STUDY OF BEAUTY 6. Other Branches - Education, History, Language, Law, Mathematics, Mind, Politics, Religion, and Science MARTINE HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) • •

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German philosopher whose work is associated with phenology and existentialism. His ideas have exerted influence on the development of contemporary European philosophy. His best-known work is Being and Time (1927). He gave a very impressive analysis of human existence, the prominence of the important themes of existentialism like care, anxiety, guilt and above all death is brought out here. He begins “The Question Concerning Technology” by examining the relationship between human and technology, a relationship Heidegger calls a free relationship. If this relationship is free, it opens our human existence to the essence of technology”. This essence of technology, however, has nothing to do with technology. Rather, as Heidegger suggests, ‘The essence of a thing is considered to be what the thing is.” Heidegger examines two definitions of technology. Firstly, he offers that “Technology is a means to an end” (Instrumental definition). Secondly, he proposes that “Technology is a human activity (Anthropological definition).

THE QUESTION CONCERNING TECHNOLOGY •

Heidegger begins by portraying his investigation of technology as the building of a path.

MIDTERM – LESSON 1 - The Human person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (BS MLS 1Y2 – 5)

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He examines the common understanding of technology as a neutral instrument under the control of humans. He proposes to get to the true sense via the correct sense He analyses the notion of instrumentality to reach the truth or the essence of technologyit is traced to causality. Technology is a very particular kind of revealing to, and the description articulates the key terms of Heidegger’s philosophy of technology: Modern technology challenges forth nature to yield treasures to humans; technology sets upon (positions and orders) the yields of nature so that they are available and of humans, becoming part of the standing reserve. He discusses the relation of modern science to the essence of technologyHe claims for the sciences the aggressive approach to nature that goes well with technology, but poorly with science. The enframing of technology is destiny. Destiny is neither an inevitable fate that descends on humanity nor the result of human willing. Disclosure of destiny and human freedom are one and the same. There is a twofold danger to destiny. One is the danger that human being reduces itself to standing reserve and in so appearing to have taken total control encounters nothing any more. The other is the danger that the disclosure of the enframing forecloses every other dispensation and conceals that too is a disclosure. Still the enframing is a disclosure. It involves human being, therefore harbors the possibility of saving power.

DOCTRINES OF CAUSALITY •

The modern concept of causality, even if philosophically a challenge, is rather simple. A thing or an event causes another thing or event. The first thing or event is called a cause, the second is called an effect. If I hit the tennis ball with my racket, my hitting is the cause of the ball flying. In ancient philosophy the concept of cause is a lot more elaborate. The modern understanding of cause is what the ancients

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MR. KEVIN L. DE GUZMAN

would know as the efficient cause, the causa efficiens. In Aristotle’s classical scheme of causes this would be one of totally four causes, viz. the formal cause, the material cause, the efficient cause, and the final cause. WRITTEN BY ARISTOTLE Causa materialis o The material, the matter out of which an object is made. Causa formalis o

The form, the shape into which the material enters.

Causa efficiens o

Which brings about the effect that is finished

Causa finalis o

End

EXAMPLE OF DOCTRINES OF CAUSALITY TABLE • • • •

Material Cause – Wood Formal Cause – Design Efficient Cause – Carpentry Final Cause – Dining

BRINGING FORTH • • • •

The bringing forth-poesis-which underlies causality is a bringing out of concealment. The revealing is what the Greeks call truth Aletheia- means unhiddedness or disclosure. Technology brings forth as well, and it is a revealing. This is seen in the way the Greeks understood techne, which encompasses not only craft, but other acts of the mind and poetry.

MIDTERM – LESSON 1 - The Human person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (BS MLS 1Y2 – 5)

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Heidegger characterizes modern technology as a challenging forth very aggressive in its activity. With modern technology, revealing never comes to an end. The revealing always happens on our own terms as everything is on demand. He also described modern technology as the age of switches, standing reserve and stockpiling for its own sake.

EXAMPLES OF BRINGING FORTH • • • • •

Volcanic Eruption - challenging forth Coral Bleaching - challenging forth Planting tress - bringing forth Mining- challenging forth Farming- bringing forth

MR. KEVIN L. DE GUZMAN

the more active aspect of human thought, concerned more with the doing of a thing than of considering the possible consequences. “HOW?” STEP-BY-STEP

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MEDITATIVE THINKING Meditative thinking involves something much deeper than practical calculation, and it takes much more effort. Meditative thinking tells us why we should do or should not do a thing, beyond the simple calculative process of actually doing it. Meditation is not limited to expanding on calculation, and it does not necessarily have to have an end product, as does calculation. “WHY?”

CHALLENGING FORTH – NEGATIVE BRINGING FORTH – POSITIVE

QUESTIONING AS THE PIETY OF THOUGHT • • •

Piety means obedience and submission. One builds a way towards knowing the truth who he/ she is as a being in this world. Thus, we shall never experience our relationship to the essence of technology so long as we merely represent and pursue the technological, put up with it, or evade it. Everywhere we remain unfree and chained to technology, whether we passionately affirm or deny it. But we are delivered over to it in the worst possible way when we regard it as something neutral; for this conception of it, to which today we particularly like to pay homage, makes us utterly blind to the essence of technology (1977,p1)

ON MARTIN HEIDEGGER'S "THE MEMORIAL ADDRESS"

CALCULATIVE THINKING •

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Calculative thinking is the more technical kind of human thought, in which people gather information and put it together in order to put it to some specific use. Calculative thinking is always in use with mankind, as it is necessary to the more practical activities and motivations of life. It is

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MIDTERM – LESSON 1 - The Human person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (BS MLS 1Y2 – 5)

MR. KEVIN L. DE GUZMAN

HUMAN FLOURISHING How do we know that we are progressing? What are the indicators of the development? More of ten than not, development is equated with growth and greater consumption. The more that a population is able to consume, the wealthier it is. Likewise, the more that a person is able to buy stuff , the higher he/she is on the development scale. • The planet, however, is already overburdened with human activities . It is about time that we rethink our standards of development if we truly want to live a good lif e. • Jason Hickel, an anthropologist at the London School of Economics, challenges us to rethink and reflect on a dif ferent paradigm of “dedevelopment.” • To able to appreciate the f ruits of science and technology, they must be examined not only for their f unction and instrumentality but also f or their greater impact on humanity as a whole. The various gadgets, machines, appliances and vehicles are all tools that make human lives easier because they serve as a means to end. Human Flourishing • It is defined as an endeavor to achieve selfactualization and fulfillment within the context of a larger community of individuals. This also means access to the p leasant lif e, the engaged or good lif e and the meaning f ul lif e. • It requires the development of attributes and social and personal levels that exhibit character strengths and virtues that are commonly agreed across dif f erent cultures. Eudamonia • Happiness according to the greeks Aristotle • There is an end of all the actions that we perform which we desire f or itself . Flourishing is the greatest good of human endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. The good is what is good for purposef ul and goal-directed entities. • He presented the various popular conception of the best lif e f or human beings: 1. A philosophical lif e 2. Life of pleasure 3. Life of political activity • Eudaimonia means good spirit is property of one's lif e when considered as a whole. It is f ormally egoistic in that a perso n's normative reason f or choosing particular actions stems f rom the idea that he must pursue his own good or f lourishing. It also implies a divine state of being that humanity is able to strive toward and possibly reach. • Happiness is "doing well and'" living well". It is a pleasant state of mind. •

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Epicurus • Eudaemon a lif e of pleasure maintains that life of pleasure coincides with the lif e of virtue. • He Understands Eudaimonia as a more or less continuous experience of pleasure and, also f reedom f rom pain and distress. • Virtue is only instrumentally related to happiness. • Happiness = Pleasure Socrates • He believed that virtues such as self - control, justice, courage, wisdom, piety and related qualities of mind and soul are absolutely crucial if a person is to lead a good and happy lif e. Virtues guarantee a happy lif e-Eudaimonia • The secret of happiness, you see, is not f ound in seeking more, but in developing the capacity to enjoy less. Plato • Eudaimonia depends on virtue (arête) which is depicted as the most crucia land the dominant constituent of eudaimonia. Pyrrho • He f ounded of Pyrrhonism, a school of philosophical skepticism that places the attainment of atraxia (a state of equanimity) as a way to achieve Scientif ic Eudamonia. • Pyrrhonist practice is f or the purpose of achieving epoch. EQUINIMITY – mental calmness, composure and evenness of temp er, especially in a dif f icult situation.

MIDTERM – LESSON 2 - Human Flourishing

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (BS MLS 1Y2 – 5)

MR. KEVIN L. DE GUZMAN

VIRTUE – is the moral excellence of a person. Morally excellent people have a character made-up of virtues valued as good. They are honest, respectf ul, courageous, f orgiving, and kind, f or example. They do the right thing, and don ’t bend to impulses, urges or desires, but according to values and principles. Some might say good qualities are innate, but we’re not perfect. Virtues need to be cultivated to become more prevalent in lif e. With the habit of being virtuous, we take the helm of our own lif e, redirecting its course towards greater happiness and f ulf illment. ARISTOTLE’S 12 VIRTUES 1. Courage – bravery 2. Temperance – mo deration 3. Liberality – spending 4. Magnif icance – charisma 5. Magnamity – generosity 6. Ambition – pride 7. Patience – calm 8. Friendliness – social IQ 9. Truthf ulness – honesty 10. Wit – humor 11. Modesty – ego 12. Justice – imagination

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MORAL PERSON – knows the dif f erence between right and wrong and chooses to do what is right. IMMORAL PERSON – knows the dif ference between right and wrong and chooses to do what is wrong. AMORAL PERSON – has no regard f or any standards of right or wrong, and just does what he/she likes.

MIDTERM – LESSON 2 - Human Flourishing

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (BS MLS 1Y2 – 5)

MR. KEVIN L. DE GUZMAN

The Good Life •

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Everyone is in pursuit of the good life. We do certain things because we want to achieve a life which will make us happy and content. By studying and working hard, we try to attain this goal not only for ourselves but also for our loved ones and the rest of humanity. People’s definition of the good life may vary and differ in the particulars. In general, however, we recognize universal truths that cut across our differences. In Ancient Greece, long before the “word science” has been coined, the need to understand the world and reality bound with the need to understand the self and good life. For Plato, the task understanding the things in the world runs parallel with the job of truly getting into what will make the soul flourish. It was Aristotle who gave a definite distinction between the theoretical and practical sciences. Aristotle counted ethics and politics. Whereas “truth” is the aim of theoretical sciences, the “good” is the end goal of the practical ones. Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an attempt to find the “good” or as said in the previous lesson, the attainment of human flourishing. It is interesting to note that the first philosopher who approached the problem of reality from a “scientific” lens as we know now, is also the first thinker who dabbled into the complex problemazation of the end goal of life: HAPPINESS. This man is none other than Aristotle. Aristotle extends this analysis from the external world into the province of the human person and declares that even human beings are potentialities who aspire for their actuality. Every action that emanates from a human person is a function of the purpose (telos) that the person has. When a boy asks for a burger from a Filipino burger joint, the action that he takes is motivated by primarily by the purpose that he has, inferably to get full or to taste the burger that he sees on TV. When a girl tries to finish her degree in the university, despite the initial features she may have had., she definitely is being propelled by a higher purpose than to just M.A.T. CARAMAT

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graduate. She wants something more, maybe to have a license and land a promising job in the future. Every human person, according to Aristotle, aspires for an end. This end, we have learned from the previous chapters, is happiness or human flourishing.

NICOMACHEAN • • •

Book of ethics A book written by Aristotle Named the book based on his son, Nicomachean

All human activities aim at some good. Every art and human inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim to some good; and for this reason the good has been rightly declared as the which all thing aim (Nicomachean Ethics 2:2) EVERYTHING THAT YOU DO, IS FOR YOURSELF. … both the many and the cultivated call it happiness, and suppose that living well and doing well are the same as being happy (Nicomachean Ethics 1:4) HAPPINES WAS DEFINED; HAPPINESS IS NOT ABOUT POSSESSING ANYTHING, IT IS ABOUT LIVING WELL AND DOING WELL. Now such a thing as happiness above all else, is held to be; for this we choose always for itself and never for the sake of something else, but honor, pleasure, reason, and every virtue we choose indeed for themselves, but we choose them also for the sake of happiness, judging that by means of them we shall be happy. Happiness, on the other hand, no one chooses for anything other than itself (Nicomachean Ethics 2:7) WE ALWAYS WANT TO BE HAPPY It is the activities that express virtue that control happiness, and the contrary activities that control its contrary. (Nicomachean Ethics 1:10) DOING GOOD AND DOING WHAT YOU WANT LEADS TO HAPPINESS. Virtue, then, being of two kinds, intellectual and moral, intellectual virtue in the main owes its birth and growth to teaching, which moral virtue comes about as a result of habit (Nicomachean Ethics 2:1)

MIDTERM – LESSON 3 – The Good Life

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (BS MLS 1Y2 – 5)

HAPPINESS AS THE GOAL OF A GOOD LIFE •

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In eighteenth century, John Stuart Mill declared the Greatest Happiness Principle by saying that an action is right as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of people. example of greatest happiness principle: robin hood – stealing is bad until he chooses to help other people using what he stole. Mill said that the individual happiness of each individual should be prioritized and collectively dictates the kind of action that should be endorsed The ethical is, of course, meant to lead us to the good and happy life. Through the ages, man has constantly struggled with the external world in order to reach human flourishing. History has given birth to different schools of thought, all of which aim for the good and happy life. SCHOOL OF THOUGHT - BELIEFS - BELIEVES IN DIFFERENT BELIEFS BUT ONLY HAS ONE GOAL: TO BE HAPPY

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STOICISM • • •

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HAPPINESS IS BASED ON THE MATERIALS YOU OWN. The first mate...