The phenomenological theory of Carl Rogers PDF

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The subject perceives his experiences as a reality. Your experience is your reality. The subject has the inherent tendency to update his organism, to develop all his capabilities so that it can expand. Here appears the "trend to update": considered as a positive motivation that impels the body to pr...

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THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY OF CARL ROGERS 1. Historical introduction Humanistic approaches: Apullthe motivational concepts of psychoanalysis and learning. The "I"asa central concept Authors: Rollo May, Maslow, Allport, Rogers and Kelly. Rogers' theory has been proposed as a prototype of phenomenological theories: Rogers believes that the individual perceives the world around him in a unique and unique way; these perceptions constitute their reality: phenomenal field. The only reality that counts for a subject is his own. It distinguishes three types of knowledge: The subjective: formation of hypotheses from inner experience. Through it we know if we love, hate, etc. The objective: hypotheses are confronted and verified with the outside. The interpersonal or phenomenological: on horseback between the previous two and through which we have access to the subjective world of another person. To validate this knowledge we can, in addition to observing and asking the other, create an empathetic climate between the two, the latter method being the preferred method of Rogers. Rogers believes that his theory is above all a theory of psychotherapy, which contains a personality theory. Some influences on Rogers' theory: Contributions from Snygg and Combs that consider that all behavior is determined by the phenomenal field of the organism. Organismic theories that insist on the totality and structured organization of the human organism regarding the human organism's effort to develop its potentials (rogers' tendency to self-realization) Lecky's theory about self-consistency that the organism strives to preserve its own organization. Freudian clinical practice and the conceptions of Otto Ran.

2. Formulation of the theory Defending subjectivity Basic features that occur in childhood: The subject perceives his experiences as a reality. Your experience is your reality. The subject has the inherent tendency to update his organism, to develop all his capabilities so that it can expand. Here appears the "trend to update": considered as a positive motivation that impels the body to progress, is a directive and a finalist and goes from the simple to the complex: "the goal that the subject must want to achieve, that of becoming himself". Key: belief in an active, up-to-date and managerial body. The child interacts with their reality to meet the need for updating. It is the perceived reality that regulates behavior more than the "objective" enmity or reality. In this interaction, the organism behaves like an organized whole. From his childhood, the subject develops an evaluation process whose criterion is the need for updating. Experiences lived as satisfactory will be valued positively and conversely. The child will approach these experiences and avoid those lived as negatives.

3. Position of theory regarding the problems of personality psychology 3.1Personality structure The theory is based on two key concepts: Organism Agency Concept: Conceived as a gestltic whole Basic personality structure Similar to Freudian Ello Center and place of all experience The total set of experiences is the phenomenal field (subjective reality), where symbolized (conscious) and unsymbolized (unaware) experiences take place

Unconscious experiences are closer to Freudian preconsciouss than to unconscious ones. (Rogers calls this phenomenon subconception). Self Concept: Conceived as a consciousness of existence Configuration of experiences and perceptions, symbolically expressed as selfconcept. It's a part of the phenomenal field It is aware and is governed by the laws of perception. 2 meanings: the real self: concept of himself, as perceived by the subject at a certain time. the ideal self: that represents what we would like to be and that is formed by perceptions especially meaningful to the subject. 3.2 Personality dynamics and development two types of motivations (in addition to the trend for updating) are involved in the process of forming the self: the need for positive consideration: the need to receive love and affection is universal, persistent and reciprocal. the need for self-esteem or positive self-consideration: the child perceives that some of his experiences are positively accepted by his parents who will show him affection, satisfying his need for love, while others will not be accepted and will not receive the affection necessary to satisfy the need for positive consideration. Based on this, the child is learning to value himself (self-esteem) by admitting as a valid criterion his parents' assessment of what experiences are accepted and which are not. When the child behaves according to these values entered, it can be said that he has acquired merit conditions. He will not see himself positively unless he lives according to these conditions. Both the need for self-esteem and that of "positive consideration"areacquired in the course of development and can be at odds with the innate tendency towards updating. Once these conditions of value or merit have been acquired, and incorporated into the self, the child begins to selectively perceive his experiences, those that coincide with these conditions of value will be perceived consciously and symbolized correctly, those that do not, go be lived as threatening to the self; to

reduce this discrepancy, the subject tends to distort or deny such experiences, which is a rupture of the gestaltic unit. Key: the concept of inconsistency, between the concept of itself and the experience of the organism (at the structural level) and between the trends that correspond to both structures (at the motivational level): the need to update (organism) and that of positive consideration (self). Other inconsistencies may occur between: subjective and external reality the real self and the ideal. The inconsistency state generates: feeling of tension and internal confusion. perceptual rigidity (given the need to distort reality) misperceptions a way of acting governed more by belief than by confrontation with reality. Since the subject cannot be perceived as incongruous, he will have to distort his own feelings, experiences and actions. Then, the mechanisms of distortion or denial of experience are defense reactions that prevent this from happening. This mechanism is a threat-avoidance of inconsistencies through denial-distortion mechanisms parallels the Freudian self-protection scheme and defensive mechanisms.

3.3. Psychopathological alterations and therapeutic strategies. Psychological mismatch is determined by the magnitude of the incongruity process and the defense process. Two types of pathologies: defensive behaviors: the subject manages to hide his inconsistency through a combination of distortion and denial mechanisms. are neurotic behaviors (rationalization, fantasy, projection, phobias, compulsions, etc.) and some of the psychosis: paranoia and catatonic states. disorganized behaviors: defensive mechanisms are not able to control the level of incongruity and personality disintegration occurs. Irrational behaviors are common.

It's acute psychosis. Therapy aims at the reintegration of personality, by reducing the merit or value conditions incorporated into the self and increasing the unconditional positive selfconsideration. Rogers argues that more than techniques, what is needed is for the therapist to possess skills such as understanding the patient's private world, empathy, nondirectivity and expression of unconditional positive consideration: client-centered therapy. Empirical evidence There are data that validate the assumption that the self-concept is modified as a result of the therapeutic process. Also for the hypothesis that acceptance itself favors the acceptance of others. Also for the statement that there is a need to maintain an image consistent with oneself. Results are also obtained that support the hypothesis that a good rate of psychological adjustment is the degree of concordance between the real self and the ideal self, but Eye!! with normal subjects; with patients, the results are contradictory. Final considerations This model can be considered as the precursor to objective research in psychotherapy. It's still in effect....