Theories about interpersonal attraction PDF

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People have a tendency to relate, and if the relationship is unpleasant, it will tend to the opposite, when one person feels attracted to another it is because that similarity provides reinforcement, although the difference can be reinforcing. The human being contrasts their opinions, judgments, etc...

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THEORIES ABOUT INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION

Introduction Relationships with others can provide both satisfaction and anguish. The human being has a tendency towards filiation, he is the only living being that needs a long dependence on others. The affiliation is a basic human tendency that leads them to seek the company of others. Its main function is to guarantee survival. Baby and attachment figure (mom) = mutual reinforcement. The union, affiliation of people highlights the need to establish affective and lasting bonds, this is called attachment: need to have a social network (friends), feel that you belong to a group and need for physical contact (interpersonal attraction and love). What is interpersonal attraction? Tendency or predisposition of an individual to positively evaluate another person. As an attitude it consists of the three basic components of any attitude: Cognitive component (thinking). Affective component (feelings). Behavioral component (actions). It is a process that encompasses many situations: love, admiration, friendship ... it is the judgment that one person makes of another, whose extremes could be love hate. It is highly influenced by socialization and culture even if we do not realize it. There are authors who have considered that interpersonal attraction includes love and that its evolution / change would be affected by the time variant. Factors that determine interpersonal attraction: Situational factors: Proximity. Temporal frequency of the interaction. Anticipated interaction. Characteristics of the stimulus person: Physical attractiveness. Psychic traits. Affective state of the subject: more or less attractive: joy, serenity, pleasure.

Belief in a just world: in general, people deserve what they have. Self-fulfilling prophecy: expectations towards a person condition your behavior and that of the person who attracts us. Characteristics : understanding, loyalty, ability of the other to capture feelings, sincerity, joy. violence, narcissism, behavior, capricious, dominance, aggressiveness. Other socially valued personal characteristics: Similarity: Newcomb says that people have a tendency to relate, and if the relationship is unpleasant, it will tend to the contrary. According to Burne , when a person is attracted to another it is because that similarity provides reinforcement, although the difference can be reinforcing. ( Ex : a sick person will prefer to be with healthy people). Festinger postulates that human beings contrast their opinions, judgments, etc ... with reality; He contrasts his judgments with other people and he will prefer to approach those who corroborate the same things that he sees. (Theory of social comparison). The Theory of costs and benefits believes that the attraction is based on what we see in that person and the benefits that we would obtain. Similarity seems very important as a characteristic for several people to relate to each other: social class, age, ethnicity, values, judgments, etc. Complementarity of needs: People unite with each other because they are, so to speak, complementary and seek what the other brings them. Reciprocity: We feel accordingly to the attitudes of another person (mirror effect). Give and receive: depending on what you receive, that's how you react and give. Emotional awakening: There is attraction when we are willing to it. Behavioral theories We are attracted to people who provide us with stimuli and pleasant experiences. Theory of social exchange: We relate to others based on economic benefit; others say that the benefits will be obtained from the knowledge of past experiences Equity theory: A relationship is maintained if what is contributed and what is received is equitable. Loss gain theory: Increasing positive and rewarding behavior has a greater impact than a constant reward that is invariable over time. Cognitive consistency theories You try to maintain, above all, your perceptions and ideas. Newcomb's theory: The more importance you give to the other person's opinion, the more your attraction to that person is reaffirmed. (admiration, respect ...).

Heider's equilibrium theory: There are relationships of feeling and unity (behavior). Relationships are balanced when there is a negative feeling towards a person with whom I have no relationship and vice versa. People who are attracted are because they are in balance, because they give satisfaction and positive feelings. Festinger's theory of social comparison (discussed above). positive effects Happiness Mental health (higher self-esteem, lower anxiety). Physical Health. The quality of supportive relationships influences the health of our body; interacting with others brings benefits. Love Most of the subjects consider that the author is very important; According to the dictionary of social psychology by Harré and Lamb, love is defined as the act of caring and giving fully, in which we accept and become attached to someone as they are, and enhance the potential of the person they can be. Theories about love Rubin : He is the first to make a distinction in love. Sexuality is key in loving but not in liking. Loving and liking are different things. Berscheid and Walster : "Social labeling of emotions." Cultural meaning is important in passionate love. It will be labeled as love if there are external signs that show that love. Through socialization we learn to do this attribution process. They emphasize passionate love as the initial phase of infatuation. Hatfield and Walster : For them, love is the intense state of union with another person. Characteristics: Reciprocal love: It occurs when there is an answer, but if there were not, it would be related to anxiety. Falling in love: It is a state full of emotions, physiological arousal, sexual desires ... that pervade everyday life. There would be recurring thoughts and a desire to get to know the person better. Verbal expressions of affection: show interest; physical expressions of affection, being happy and interested in the problems of the other. This state cannot last forever, and it can end in three ways: Change to another love. Falling out of love Infatuation with another person.

Sociobiology: Love is something that man has known for the procreation and reproduction of offspring in order to maintain the species. Process: Because of the changes that occur in the body. Love is a culturally and socially appropriate response; it is a state of excitement related to the other person. Reinforcement model: There is love when one individual is physiologically activated and the other person helps reduce anxiety Response facilitation model: Physiological arousal becomes more intense when the response is positive. For love to be given, there must be conditions: A person without intimate relationships and in need of them. The possibility of feeling in love increases at certain stages of the life cycle. When you are in a frustrated situation you create fantasies with the object of desire. Paternal, maternal love. (Freud's psychoanalytic theory: paternal or maternal models will determine the loved object). What factors influence heartbreak? Previous mistakes in the relationship: ignorance of the person. Affective immaturity. Little previous experience. Stereotypical expectations. Confusion between infatuation and love. Social constriction: independence, fidelity. Coexistence: routine. Boredom. Differences between members, perception of problems, love style, degree of commitment. Personal processes: communication, support, stress, changing needs of the person. Sexuality. Needs of the person in the marriage: Need for emotional attachment security. Need for a network of social relationships Friendship. Necessity of reproduction of the species. Sexual intimacy Need for pleasant contact.

Typologies of love: Eros (passionate love) Ludus (lack of commitment) Storge (affection, friendship and commitment) Mania (obsessive worry, jealousy, dependency = Ludus + Storge ) Pragma (rational love, compatibility = Eros + Ludus ) Agape (friendly, selfless love) These styles can be combined and given in various stages of life, they are premonitions of the relationship. Sternberg : Theory of the love triangle. Darling intimacy. Passionate love passion. Empty love only commitment. Romantic love, passion and intimacy. Companion love intimacy and commitment. Fatuous love, passion and commitment. Consummate love, passion, intimacy and commitment. Intimacy: feelings within a relationship that promote rapprochement. Passion State of intense activation These authors argue that intimacy and commitment come with time while passion is at the beginning. Other authors like Maslow speak of the deficit love that would be a physical dependence and a need to feel loved. Fromm says that love is not lasting but requires a commitment and an act of will, feeling is not enough....