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Name – Sigismund FreudDate of birth – March/May 6, 1856Birthplace – Freiberg, Moravia (Czech Republic)Religion – JewishMother – Amalie Nathanson Freud 20 years old when Freud was born; 3rd wife of Jacob Father – Jacob Freud 40 years old when Freud was born Wife – Martha BernaysDegree – Medicine (Psy...

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“… Name – Sigismund Freud

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Date of birth – March/May 6, 1856 Psychoanalysis

Birthplace – Freiberg, Moravia (Czech Republic)

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Religion – Jewish Mother – Amalie Nathanson Freud -

20 years old when Freud was born; 3rd wife of Jacob

Father – Jacob Freud -

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40 years old when Freud was born

Wife – Martha Bernays Degree – Medicine (Psychiatry) Death – September 23, 1939

Sigmund Freud -

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Eldest Was always favored by Amalie o This was a factor for his life-long selfconfidence and Oedipus complex 6 siblings, 2 of them are stepbrothers (Jacob’s sons on his previous marriage) o Emanuel o Philipp His birthday is not definite because the first date (March 6) implies that he was conceived just 8 months after his parents got married

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SF’s theory and system of therapy for treating mental disorders Factors that makes it interesting o Sex o Aggression Psychoanalysis was a controversial theory and many people were interested on it because as someone who came from a family of Jews (a conservative religion/culture/tradition), SF was blunt and straightforward enough to talk about sex and stuff that are taboo or should not be talked about during his time. Basis of Psychoanalysis o Childhood experiences o Experiences with his patients o Dream analysis o Readings in science

Early Years -

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He was born with a caul o In folklore, babies who were born with a caul or a fetal sac are bound to be famous someday He was very conscious about his Jewish origin o In the academic field, Jewish people had

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fewer and limited opportunities Not close with his siblings o Amalie gave all her attention to Sigmund o SF believed that he was superior to his siblings and his father (at the age of 2) Relationship with father o He hated Jacob Relationship with mother o Had sexual desires with his mother o Oedipus Complex Julius o 1 year and 6 months younger than SF o Freud had a death wish on Julius o Julius died when he was 6 months old o Freud used to feel guilty about the passing of Julius but later on realized that it was not his fault as young children wished their younger siblings dead too. Freud moved on anyway lol

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HYSTERIA -

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Freud’s #MedStudentLyf :D -

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Never really wanted to practice medicine, it wasn’t his passion He was just immensely curious about human nature He entered the University of Vienna Medical School Preferred teaching and research in physiology

Nevertheless, Freud pursued medicine because: o Jews had limited academic advancement o His father became less able to provide financial support Laboratory work o Worked at General Hospital of Vienna for 3 years o Became familiar with various branches of medicine ▪ Psychiatry ▪ Nervous diseases

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A disorder characterized by paralysis and the improper functioning of certain parts of the body Freud received a travelling grant in year 1885 Decided to study in Paris with a famous French Neurologist o Jean Martin Charcot ▪ SF spent 4 years with her ▪ SF learned the hypnotic technique for treating hysteria Freud became convinced that hysteria was caused by psychogenic and sexual in origin Josef Breuer o Viennese physician o 14 years older than Freud

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o Had a close professional association with SF o Freud learned the concept of catharsis from Breuer Catharsis o Process of removing hysterical symptoms by “taking them out” o Through this, SF discovered the free association technique ▪ Verbalizing whatever comes into one’s mind no matter how trivial, insignificant, or unpleasant it is ▪ This led to the Freud’s discovery of the unconscious

Freud’s opportunities to gain fame

o JB was not also convinced enough that childhood sexual experiences were the source of adult hysteria o JB, fortunately, agreed o This led to the publication of Studies on Hysteria (1895/1995) ▪ First mention of psychical analysis (psychoanalysis) o After the publication of Studies on Hysteria, JB and SF became estranged personally ▪ Freud tends to cut off people when he is being disagreed with - Unmet Desired for Fame 1. Cocaine episode 2. Seduction Theory Cocaine Episode

1. 1884-1885 2. 1886

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Freud’s Personal Crisesb -

Disagreement with Josef Breuer o Freud initiated a collaboration with him to publish the case of Anna O and other several cases of hysteria o Breuer disagreed at first because he does not want to publish an account containing only a few studies

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SF discovered cocaine, a magic panacea or potion to lessen pain or enhance performance Cocaine can energize soldiers from exhaustion SF tried cocaine with his patients, colleagues, and friends Cocaine was very useful with heart diseases, nervous exhaustion, psychological/physiological problems SF tried cocaine himself

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o Had therapeutic effect with his severe depression SF visited his fiancée at the time (Martha). During the visit, a colleague, not SF, completed the experiments published the results, and took all the credit This took place at 1884 SF was basically robbed from the credit of discovering cocaine, but when the usage of cocaine got out of hand, SF tried to remove his association with the drug

4. No childhood sexual experiences were revealed by the unconscious memories of almost all of his advanced psychotic patients

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Seduction Theory

“Neuroses have their etiology in a child’s seduction by a parent.” Why did Freud abandon the Seduction Theory? -

Through a letter to Wilhelm Fliess on September 21, 1897, SF gave the four reasons why:

1. No patient was treated 2. Fathers (including his own) would be accused of sexual perversions (hysteria was prevalent among SF’s siblings) 3. The unconscious mind cannot distinguish reality from fantasy/fiction (this concept later evolved in the Oedipus Complex)

Disagreement with colleagues o In parallel with SF’s feud with Breuer, Freud’s relationship with Fliess also ruptured after the publication of “Interpretation of Dreams” o Freud also had breaks/disagreements with: ▪ Alfred Adler ▪ Carl Jung

Why did Freud had so many difficulties with so many former friends? “…it is not the scientific differences that are so important; it is usually some other kind of animosity, jealousy, or revenge, that gives the impulse to enmity. The scientific differences come later.” – Sigmund Freud -

Psychoneurosis/Creative Illness o Creative illness is a condition characterized by depression, neurosis, psychosomatic ailments, and an intense preoccupation with some

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o Freud was attracted to him o Freud called him Crown Prince / The man of the future o His relationship with Freud also ruptured during a train ride in 1913. They interpreted each other’s dreams and disagreed on the interpretations

form of creative activity o After his father’s death in 1896, Freud began analyzing his own dreams on a daily basis

More Stories Unhappy Friendships -

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In 1902, Freud invited younger Viennese physicians in his home to discuss psychological issues They formed the Wednesday Psychological Society where SF is the discussion leader Members of WPS: o Sigmund Freud o Alfred Adler o Wilhelm Stekel o Max Kahane o Rudolf Reitler In 1908, the WPS changed its name into a more formal one: Vienna Psychoanalytic Society o The members eventually got tired of the company of Freud because he wants to be the only one to speak In 1910, Freud and his followers formed the International Psychoanalytic Society o Carl Jung was the president Carl Jung

Childhood Sexual Abuse: Fact or Fantasy? -

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Freud was convinced that sexual conflicts resulted in neuroses Most of his patients reported traumatic sexual experiences from their fathers, brothers, cousins, uncles, or any other older men o during their childhood About a year after releasing the Seduction Theory, he immediately abandoned it Freud claimed that his patients have been telling him “fantasies”, but upon further reflection, he came back to his initial assumption that neuroses are sexual in origin Jeffrey Masson o Biographer o Claimed that Freud lied to dismiss the seduction theory because the theory was not appropriate /

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palatable enough to the public o Freud lied to make his theory more acceptable ▪ Who would believe the idea that so many men [relatives] are sexual predators? o In conclusion, sexual abuse occurs more often than Freud wants to admit ▪ Confirmed through his disciples in the 1930s

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He was a virgin when he married at age 30 Abandoned his sex life at age 41

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Abstained from sex because he does not like to use condoms and coitus interruptus (withdrawal method) Blamed Martha, his wife, for the termination of his sex life o Martha gets pregnant easily o She becomes ill when she’s pregnant o She refuses to have sex if it is not to procreate

Freud, because of his sexual frustrations and conflicts, experienced a severe neurotic episode in his 40s. o He diagnosed his condition as: Anxiety neurosis and neurasthenia Neurasthenia o Neurotic condition o Weakness, worry, digestion and circulation disturbances

“Freud’s theory of actual neurosis is thus, a theory of his own neurotic symptoms.” -

Freud’s Sex Life -

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Through analyzing his dreams, he: o Realized the hostility he felt for his father o Remembered his sexual longings with his mother o Dreamed of a sex wish toward his eldest daughter

Freud Resented the United States -

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His reasons are: o Informality of US citizens o Bad cooking o Lack of public restrooms Americans trivialized psychoanalysis by trying to make it popular They misspelled his name: FREUND

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He believed that their water caused him chronic indigestion and diarrhea Americans mockingly addressed him as Doc or Sigmund while challenging him to defend his theory Americans restricted him from smoking in a nosmoking area Was greeted with German flags even though none of them were Germans

Death and Deterioration -

By late September 1939, he told Max Schur, his physician:

“Now it’s nothing but torture and makes no sense anymore.” -

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Schur administered an assisted suicide o 3 injections of morphine overnight SF suffered from oral cancer from smoking 20 sticks a day Had 33 operations

More Information about

4. He was awarded with the Goethe Prize for Literature in 1930 5. Interpretation of Dreams a. His greatest work b. Published in 1900/1953 c. Finished in 1899 d. Outgrowth of his selfanalysis 6. On Dreams a. Published in 1901/1953 7. Psychopathology of Everyday Life a. Published in 1901/1960 b. Concept of Freudian Slips 8. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality a. Published in 1905/1953b b. Sex as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis 9. Freud’s letters to Fliess contain the firsthand accounts of psychoanalysis a. Reveals the embryonic stage of the Freudian theory Conversion Disorder -

Freud

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1. He was 83 years old when he died 2. Unlike his siblings, SF had his own room. His siblings were not allowed to make any noise, and food was sent to his room so that no time is “wasted” when he’s studying 3. The cocaine episode brought him infamy

Repressed feelings will convert into an illness Blindness, paralysis, or other neurotic disorders/symptoms

Anna O -

Bertha Pappenheim Josef Breuer’s patient Almost blind o When his father was ill, she was the one taking care of him. When her

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father was sleeping, Bertha was lying beside him while crying. Her dad suddenly asked what time it was, and she couldn’t see the time clearly because of the tears in her eyes Right arm and leg are paralyzed; could not speak in mother tongue o One time she saw a black snake and she was so scared she couldn’t talk or move Cannot swallow any liquid Prone to states of absence Through Breuer’s practice of free association technique on her, she got treated o Breuer asked her to verbalize whatever comes to her mind o After speaking and speaking, the root causes of her neurotic symptoms were found and she got treated. She was able to talk, move, swallow liquids, and see again

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Theory -

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PERSPECTIVES

Psychodynamic Theories -

Theories of Personality Personality Latin term “persona” o Theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas to

Set of related ideas used to understand/explain thoughts, emotions, and behaviors Used by scientists to generate research

1. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES 2. HUMANISTIC EXISTENTIAL THEORIES 3. DISPOSITIONAL THEORIES 4. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES 5. LEARNING (SOCIAL) COGNITIVE THEORIES

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project a role or false appearance Pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior

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Childhood experiences influence who you are now Childhood experiences = who you are now

Unconscious forces o Traumatic experiences during childhood days that are forced into our unconscious o These forces manifest themselves unconsciously Dream interpretation/analysis o Window to the unconscious

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o Has connections with unconscious forces o Our unconscious forces show themselves in our dreams through distorted images that act as symbols Our relationship with our parents also influences and shapes our personalities Pre-natal experiences o Heavily influence personality development o E.g., someone may feel unaccepted by the society for no apparent reason, but it turns out that when she was conceived, that person’s mother wanted to abort her. Thus, the feeling of being unaccepted

Humanistic Existential Theories -

Growth Meaning Well-being Happiness

o Neuroticism Biological Evolutionary Traits -

Learning (Social) Cognitive Theories -

Thoughts Emotions Behavior B.F. Skinner o Rewards and punishment

What motivates people to act? What are the forces behind people’s behaviors? Drives -

Karl Rogers firmly believe that every one of us is capable of changing.

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Dispositional Theories -

Evolution, genes, brain chemistry E.g., people tend to be in groups because of evolution. The idea of forming groups is passed down from generation to generation because it is one of the ways to be safe, prevent danger, and to survive

Predispositions called traits The big five: o Agreeableness o Extraversion o Openness o Conscientiousness

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German term “TRIEB” which means drive or impulse Also called instincts o The motivating forces that drive behavior Drives are psychological or mental representations of a bodily need o E.g., hunger, thirst, eut The instinct is not the bodily state, rather, it is the wish – the bodily need transformed into a mental state

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o E.g., when you’re hungry, the food (wish) is the drive, not the hunger (bodily state) Drives are innate, biological in nature Unsatisfied drives produce uncomfortable physiological responses o When in need, body feels pain, pressure, or tension The purpose of the wish is to satisfy the need Can be called homeostatic approach as it serves as the medium to maintain or restore balance in our bodies Each drive consists of ISAO: o Impetus o Source o Aim o Object

The following examples are all based on hunger: -

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o Person or thing that satisfies the need o Food Another example: Bogli Impetus – gaano ka kalibog Source – puday and putoytoy Aim – EUT EUT EUT / masturbation Object – porn/bf or gf/fubu/asawa/sex toys/basta kahit ano or sinong makaka-satisfy sa libog mo

Besetzen -

German term which means CATHECT Investing libidinal energy in a mental representation that will satisfy a need or a desire

What’s on a Man’s Mind? Two types of DRIVES:

Impetus o Intensity of the need o Amount of force o How hungry you are Source o The part of the body in state of excitation or tension o Erogenous zone o Mouth Aim o Seek pleasure by removing that excitation or removing the tension o Eating Object

1. Sex or Eros 2. Aggression or Thanatos Sex -

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Serve the purpose of pleasure and survival Hunger, thirst, sex Life instincts Libido o Sexual energy Any form of pleasure seeking is sexual desire, not just sex itself Biological needs Survival Designed to preserve life

Aggression

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Serve the purpose of destruction Destroy, conquer, kill Death instincts How did Freud come up with Aggression? o He witnessed World War I o He asked why people kill other people without a purpose All of us are going to die but that idea is difficult to accept and thinking about it is threatening that’s why it is forced into our unconscious. The idea comes out or manifests itself as the drive to kill people o Kill or be killed

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The Levels of Mental Life Unconscious -

Drives that are beyond are awareness Motivates most human behaviors Discovered through the case of Anna O Two sources:

o Repression o Phylogenetic endowment Repression o Forceful forgetting Phylogenetic endowment o Inherited experiences, traumas, or fears o Similar to Carl Jung’s concept of collective unconscious Freudian Slips o Slips of tongue o Slip of pen o Memory lapse o Bungled acts (but not accidents) that express personal motives as well o Unintentional error that is thought to reveal a person’s unconscious wishes or motives Dreams o Unsatisfied wishes o Royal road to the unconscious o Deepest, darkest desires o Dreams have no filters, walang MTRCB dito so your unconscious desires can manifest or show themselves in your dreams, distorted nga lang ‘yung images. Symbols lang kumbaga o Threatening wishes and desires tend to slip in our dreams because a person is more relaxed while asleep than when awake

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o Resistance may be caught off guard o Resistance ▪ Force that prevents us from recalling traumatic experiences stored in our unconscious Dream analysis o Uncovering the latent content of the dream Dream work o...