Anemia Concept Map PDF

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Anemia Concept Map Definition Anemia is a lower than normal number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the blood, usually measured by a decreased in the amount of hemoglobin.

Classifications  Decreased erythrocyte production  Blood loss  Increased erythrocyte destruction

Sub-Categories  Decreased Erythrocyte Production  Decreased hemoglobin synthesis: iron-deficiency, Thalassemia  Defective DNA synthesis: vitamin B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency  Decreased number of erythrocyte precursors: aplastic anemia, myelodysplasia  Blood Loss  Acute: Trauma or vessel rupture  Chronic: Gastritis, menstrual flow  Increased Erythrocyte Destruction  Intrinsic: The abnormal hemoglobin, enzyme deficiency  Extrinsic: Physical trauma from heart valves, and antibody destruction

Types of Anemia  Normocytic  Acute blood loss, chronic renal disease, aplastic anemia  Macrocytic  Vitamin B12, folic acid deficiency, liver disease  Microcytic  Iron deficiency anemia

Clinical Manifestations        

Skin: pale, jaundice Eyes: retinal hemorrhage blurred vision, icteric conjunctiva and sclera Cardiovascular: tachycardia intermittent claudication and angina Pulmonary: dyspnea and increased respiratory rate Neurological: headache, vertigo, irritable, impaired thought process Gastrointestinal: anorexia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly Musculoskeletal: bone pain, weakness General: sensitive to cold, weight loss, lethargic

Nutritional Needs  Vitamin B12: red meats, liver

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Folic acid: green leafy vegetables, liver, meat, fish, legumes, and whole grain Vitamin B6: meats, wheat germ, potatoes, cornmeal, bananas, legumes Amino acids: eggs, meat, milk, milk products, poultry, fish, nuts, legumes Vitamin C: citrus fruits, leafy green vegetables, strawberries, cantaloupe

Diagnostics      

Complete blood counts Serum iron Serum ferritin TIBC (Total iron binding capacity) Bone marrow Folic acid...