Anonated Bibliography AMU 1017 Monash PDF

Preview

Summary

This is an assigned essay for assignment one in my first year in Monash University. It is titled for an Academic Literacies subject and I was marked 75 and above....

Description

Running head: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EATING DISORDERS IN ATHLETES

The Causes and Consequences of Eating Disorders in Athletes Monash University

AMU 1017 Annotated Bibliography Student ID: 30501334 Tutor: Ms Sandra Referencing Format: APA 6th edition Word Count: 1297 words

1

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EATING DISORDERS IN ATHLETES

2

The Causes and Consequences of Eating Disorders in Athletes Eating disorders (ED) are defined as a range of psychological disorders characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits, such as anorexia nervosa and a large population of individuals, both male and female, from various age groups suffer from the illness. However, in society’s perception, the most unlikely group of people that would develop ED are athletes because they are renowned for following a strict, nutritious diet scheme and fitness routine that allow them to be in their best shape and excel in their perspective sports. Nevertheless, athletes are still susceptible to ED which can negatively impact their wellbeing. What is unknown, are the specific causes that put athletes under the risk of developing ED and how this may then subsequently affect their performance, mental and physical health. Therefore, this annotated bibliography will present several academic research journals and books that will highlight the causes and consequences of ED in athletes as well as demonstrate the fundamental idea behind the medical condition, the female athlete triad, which is evident in many female athletes with ED. Valuable findings, as well as limitations in the research, will also be highlighted and evaluated accordingly

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EATING DISORDERS IN ATHLETES

3

Arthur-Cameselle, J., Sossin, K., & Quatromoni, P. (2016). A qualitative analysis of factors related to eating disorder onset in female collegiate athletes and non-athletes. Eating Disorders, 25(3), 199-215. doi: 10.1080/10640266.2016.1258940 This study focused on the factors that led to the onset of eating disorders (ED) in female athletes compared to non-athletes. Arthur-Cameselle, Sossin and Quatromoni argued that both female athletes and non-athletes are susceptible to ED but athletes are at additional risk of due to their sports-based environment. Through interviews, the results showed that both internal and external factors led to the development of ED in athletes and non-athletes. The internal factors in both subgroups were similar, however, the external factors from the athletes’ social environment such as performance pressure, teammate modelling of ED behaviours and team weigh-ins played a unique role in their development of ED (p. 209). Arthur-Cameselle et al. then highlighted that coaches and trainers should be educated on predisposing factors of ED in athletes and to promote screening, prevention and treatment programs (p. 213). The study concluded that both athletes and non-athletes do have common onset factors for ED, but athletes are affected by different social/external pressures. Limitations within the research included, the difficulty of making comparisons between the athletes in sports that require lean figures and sports that do not, as half of the athletes who participated in this study were runners which is a lean-based sport.

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EATING DISORDERS IN ATHLETES

4

de Bruin, A., & Oudejans, R. (2018). Athletes’ Body Talk: The Role of Contextual Body Image in Eating Disorders as Seen Through the Eyes of Elite Women Athletes. Journal Of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(4), 675-698. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.2018-0047 This article focused on how the sports environment and the contexts of daily life affected female athletes in terms of their body image that led them to develop eating disorders (ED). Through constructed interviews, de Bruin and Oudejans recorded that the risk factors of ED in the participants were due to the sport-culture that favours lean athletes, social and internal pressures of body evaluations, pubertal changes that attracted negative comments and weigh-ins for the judoka participants (p. 693). Practical implications of the study were also highlighted, including, the responsibility of sports federations to be concerned about the effects of weight classes, the influence of coaches’ comments, the involvement of supportive staff members as well as the improvement of prevention and treatment programs of ED in athletes (p. 694). The article concluded by stating that both the sports environment as well as the daily life of the female athletes contributed to negative body image perceptions which then led to developing ED. Limitations within the study included the fact that all participants had received prior therapy with the interviewer and so their opinions may have scientifically bias or even constructed due to their therapist’s diagnosis.

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EATING DISORDERS IN ATHLETES

5

Fortes, L., Ferreira, M., de Oliveira, S., Cyrino, E., & Almeida, S. (2015). A socio-sports model of disordered eating among Brazilian male athletes. Appetite, 92, 29-35. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.005 The study focused on developing a socio-sports model of disordered eating (DE) in Brazilian male athletes. Fortes, Ferreira, de Oliveira, Cyrino and Almeida argued that the environmental sports pressures, body-fat and sociocultural factors contribute to body dissatisfaction which could then lead to DE. Through tests, questionnaires and statistical analysis, the study found that body fat dissatisfaction was the mediator between sociocultural factors such as the negative comments of friends, family and coaches on the athletic body image and DE (p. 33). Fortes et al. highlighted that sports pressures such as competitiveness and muscular dissatisfaction did not contribute to DE and how the sociosports model of DE could play an important role in the prevention/intervention of DE in athletes (p. 34). The study concluded that only sociocultural factors and body fat dissatisfaction adhere to the socio-sports model of DE in Brazilian male athletes. When evaluated, the study showed few to none limitations which were statistically corrected. However, the cultural differences played a major role in the risk factors that lead to DE when the Brazilian male athletes in the current experiment were compared to western male athletes in similar experiments.

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EATING DISORDERS IN ATHLETES

6

Fries, J., & Sullivan, V. (2017). Eating Disorders in Special Populations: Medical, Nutritional, and Psychological Treatments (1st ed., pp. 173-175). Boca Raton: CRC Press. This article explored the health consequences, psychological concerns and performance concerns associated with eating disorders (ED) in athletes. Fries and Sullivan explained how low energy deficits in females with ED could result in the female athlete triad, negative mood shifts, frequent illness or injuries, fractures, body dissatisfaction and weight loss. Males would experience similar symptoms and also a drop in testosterone, osteopenia/osteoporosis and they have a higher chance of substance abuse (p. 173). The article also highlighted the psychological distresses associated with ED such as depression, anxiety and even suicidal ideation (p. 174). Performance concerns include Injuries associated with muscle and bone loss, irritability, decrease in coordination and concentration and even psychological distress (p.175). The article concluded with the author summing up in detail how physical health, psychological health and performance can decline when facing an ED both long and short term. Though the article shuns light on the important consequences of ED, it does not venture into the psychosocial consequences of ED and how the illness could affect their environment.

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EATING DISORDERS IN ATHLETES

7

Robert-McComb, J., Norman, R., & Zumwalt, M. (2008). The active female (1st ed., pp. 8790). New Jersey: Humana Press. This article focused on the prevalence of disordered eating (DE) in the female athlete triad (FAT). Robert-McComb, Norman & Zumwalt highlighted how the three aspects of the FAT, DE, amenorrhea and osteoporosis are interconnected through a biological chain of hormones (p. 87). The FAT emphasized on how lower energy availability and extensive exercise can lead to the loss of mensuration and decrease in bone resorption thus causing loss of bone mass (p 87). Referring to credited research, Robert-McComb et al. explained how athletes in lean sports, as well as non-athletes, are more susceptible to DE compared to athletes in non-lean sports and how many of the athletes practise DE habits which go unrecognised (p. 88). It was emphasized that coaches, nurses and trainers should implement screening tools to test athletes for the presence of the FAT to prevent physical, psychological and performance-based distress before training commences (p. 89). The article concluded that the FAT can be prevented with certain precautions and is not the result of only exercise, as exercise is beneficial when done in the right mindset (p. 90). Limited within the article, however, is the treatment strategies that could come in use when treating an athlete who is experiencing symptoms of the FAT....