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Basic Civil Engg

Prepared By: Ajith A.V MODULE I

INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure can be defined as activities that provide society with services necessary to conduct daily life and to engage in productive activity and development in a country’s economy. For a whole nation, it includes all the physical systems such as the road and railway networks, utilities, sewage, water, telephone lines and cell towers, air control towers, bridges, etc., plus services including law enforcement, emergency services, healthcare, education, etc. The infrastructure is of two types. a) Economic infrastructure: It contributes directly to the economic development of any country. It consists of transport and communication, power supply, irrigation networks, financial institutions etc. b) Social infrastructure: It contributes to the process of economic development of any country indirectly. It consists of education & training, health & family welfare, housing & water supply and other civic amenities. Role of Civil Engineer in infrastructure development Civil engineers play a major role in the infrastructures development of a country. All structures constructed in the past exhibit the path of civilization and current infrastructures development express the practices followed by civil engineers. In a country like India, the major infrastructural factors that are most significant in accelerating the speed of economic development are energy, transport, irrigation, finance, communications, education, and health. The knowledge of basic areas of Civil Engineering can be of great use in providing the infrastructural facilities where constructional aspects are involved for development of regions. Infrastructure facilities include Good surface communication links such as tar or concrete rods. Provision of water supply distribution system i.e. construction of water storage reservation or sumps, laying of underground pipes etc. Provision of a drainage system which may include construction of surface drains as subsurface drains for the disposal of wastewater. Supply of electrical power for which construction of transmission line towers, construction of electrical substations. Providing inland communications lines, i.e telephone lines etc. Construction of recreational places e.g gardens, parks etc.

SNGCE Civil DeptPage 1

Basic Civil Engg

Prepared By: Ajith A.V

Civil infrastructure systems involves the design, analysis, and management of infrastructure supporting human activities, including, for example, electric power, oil and gas, water and wastewater, communications, transportation, and the collections of buildings that make up urban and rural communities. These networks deliver essential services, provide shelter, and support social interactions and economic development. They are society’s lifelines. MAJOR DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Structural Engineering Structural engineering is concerned with the design and physical integrity of buildings and other large structures, like tunnels and bridges. Structural engineers have wide range of responsibilities. Structural engineering involves studying and analyzing the design of bridges, flyovers, marine structures and other buildings. These engineers are responsible for ensuring these buildings not only just aesthetically pleasing, but also safe, durable and serviceable. This requires the identification of the loads, forces and stress which might act upon a structure When designing a building, the engineers must consider multiple factors. For example, the cost and constructability, as well as, its strength and stability of structures considered. They also need to make sure the building is designed to withstand environmental factors like earthquakes, floods and aggressive winds. Competent mathematics and physics skills are essential, and sound knowledge of materials such as concrete, stone, steel and so on is needed for structural engineers to be successful in their position. Construction Engineering Construction engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the designing, planning, construction and management of infrastructures such as roads, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities and other projects. The primary role of a construction engineer is to manage and oversee an entire construction project. This doesn’t just involve the planning and physical building stage, but also the transportation of materials and site development. Their daily tasks are likely to involve evaluating logistical operations, reviewing contracts and coordinating contractors. They also need to make sure that projects are completed efficiently and safely. Whether a new road needs to be laid, or new building needs to be erected, all civil engineering projects will require construction engineers. Transportation Engineering Transportation engineering or transport engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods transport. SNGCE Civil DeptPage 2

Basic Civil Engg

Prepared By: Ajith A.V

Transport engineering continues to be one of the major civil engineering disciplines. Engineers in this sector design construct and maintain all forms of public transportation systems across the world, including roads, railways, ports and airports. Their aims are to improve the overall traffic movement, reduce traffic congestion and minimize the risk of accidents from happening. Transportation Engineering has been divided into the following; Highway engineering Railroad engineering Port and harbor engineering Airport engineering. Geotechnical Engineering Another important branch of civil engineering is geotechnical engineering. Specialists who work in this field study and analyze the rock and soil of the area where a civil structure is either currently standing or is planned to be used for construction sometime in the future. These engineers must have vast knowledge of soil science, material science as well as the mechanics and hydraulics involved in safely designing a range of structures and buildings. Water Resources Engineering Water resources engineers strive to improve the quality and quantity of water resources in a specified area. They design and construct hydraulic structures (typically dams, canals and water distribution systems) that collect and manage water as a natural resource. This area of engineering adopts principles of hydrology, meteorology and resource management (among other elements), so extensive knowledge is required. These engineers usually focus on flood and storm water analysis, wastewater treatment procedures and ground water remediation. Environmental Engineering This sub-discipline concentrates on creating ways to conserve highly populated areas and preventing pollution from effecting the natural environment. Environmental engineers conduct detailed analysis on a wide range of environmental problems and develop solutions to these issues. Some of the tasks they are responsible for include solid waste treatment/management, treatment of water sources and improving the quality of water and air. Understanding of atmospheric sciences and hydrology is needed in order to excel in this career.

SNGCE Civil DeptPage 3

Basic Civil Engg

Prepared By: Ajith A.V

BUILDINGS What is a building? Building or housing is the most fundamental need for mankind. It shelters us. 'Building' includes any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever material constructed and every part thereof whether used for human habitation or not and includes foundations, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building services, verandah, balcony, cornice or projections, part of a building, wells or anything affixed there to or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs and outdoor display structures;The building is a kind of structure which is built with materials and including with foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing, and building services, fixed platforms, veranda, balcony, cornice or projection, part of a building or anything affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs and outdoor display structures. For example, houses, factories, shopping malls, hospitals, etc. A building aims to give shelter along with security. Other purposes such as buildings serve several needs of society primarily as shelter from the weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, supplied electricity, and to comfortably live and work. A building to be a structure constructed using any type of material (s) and for whatever purpose be it for residential, commercial, industrial or other. Buildings may be load-bearing masonry buildings, RCC, or steel-framed structure buildings. There are many different types of Buildings. Residential houses, Schools, Colleges & Universities, Hospitals, Factories, Workshops, Mosques, Churches, Temples, Residential Buildings These are buildings which are used for normal residential purposes and should facilitate activities such as sleeping, living and cooking. The building must include one or more family residencies, apartments, flats and private garages. A residential building has basically: A sleeping room (bedroom)/space, A living room/space, Conveniences (as in toilet and bath), Cooking room/area (kitchen) All of those functions can either be in shared rooms or spaces or have exclusive rooms per function. These types of buildings include one or two private dwellings, apartment houses (flats), bungalows, duplex, storey houses, terrace buildings, apartment buildings, condominium buildings, hotels, dormitories, semi-detached building etc. SNGCE Civil DeptPage 4

Basic Civil Engg

Prepared By: Ajith A.V

Educational Buildings These are buildings housing educational institutions such as schools or colleges which are affiliated and recognized by an appropriate board, university or any similar affiliation authority. The building should promote the aggregation of instructional, educational and recreational activities pertaining to educational purposes. Further, it is mandatory for the building to have proper residential facilities for essential staff who need to reside within the campus. Apart from this, the institution should also have a hostel exclusive to the institute either within its premises or outside. Institutional Buildings These types of buildings consist of buildings that are constructed by the government, semi-government organizations or registered trusts for specific purposes. Those specific purposes include medical treatment purposes such as treatment of physical or mental illness, children’s hospitals, old age homes, centers for the care of orphans or abandoned women, auditoriums or complexes meant to be used for cultural or allied activities, religious accommodation facilities such as dharamshalas, jails, correctional facilities, detention centers, juvenile reformatories, etc. Assembly Buildings: These buildings may include any building or part of a building where a group of people gathers for recreation, amusement, social, religious, or such types of purposes such as theaters, assembly halls, exhibition halls, restaurants, museums, club rooms, auditoria, etc. Business Buildings: These shall include any building type or part of a building that is used for business transactions, keeping records of accounts, town halls, city halls, courthouses, etc. Mercantile Buildings: These shall include those buildings which are used for shops, market, stores, wholesale or retail. Industrial Buildings: These types of building mainly used for manufacturing purposes. Here products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, or processed, for example, gas plants, refineries, mills, dairies, etc. Storage Buildings If a building or a part of it is used for the storage of commodities, goods, merchandise, etc. then it is categorized as a storage building. They comprise buildings such as warehouses, cold storages, grain storage units, barns, stables, freight depot, transit shed, hangars, truck terminals, public garages, etc. Wholesale Establishments These buildings fully or partially utilized for wholesale trade and manufacture wholesale shops having required storage facilities or warehouses and establishments providing truck transportation services. SNGCE Civil DeptPage 5

Basic Civil Engg

Prepared By: Ajith A.V

Mixed Land use Buildings These are the buildings which are used for both residential purposes as well as for carrying out non residential buildings. Hazardous Buildings These types of buildings have been further divided into two sub-categories by the government. They are: Buildings used for the manufacture, processing, handling or storage of substances which are radioactive, highly combustible/explosive or capable of burning rapidly with/without the potential to produce poisonous fumes or emissions that are explosive in nature Buildings used for the manufacture, processing, handling or storage of substances which are highly corrosive, toxic or noxious alkalis, acids or other chemicals producing explosive or poisonous fumes, explosive mixtures or substances capable of disintegrating matter into fine particles causing spontaneous ignition How buildings are categorized with respect to their design and height? Detached buildings A building comprising roofs and walls which is detached from any other building and has open spaces within its boundaries is termed as a detached building. Semi Detached Buildings These are buildings which are detached from any other building on three sides and have open spaces on all those sides. Open spaces have been defined as integral parts of the site which are left open to the sky. Multi storied or high rise buildings All buildings comprising more than 4 stories and/or buildings with height more than 15 meters (without stilt) or 17.5 meters (with stilt) above the average level of the front road have been categorized as high rise buildings How are buildings categorized in terms of safety standards resulting due to their use and maintenance level? Slums Buildings under this category have a low level of maintenance and bad habitability conditions which are caused due to inadequate sanitation, ventilation and other detrimental factors. Unsafe Buildings Buildings that are structurally weak and thus unsafe, unsanitary or contaminated, do not have proper entry and/or exit facilities, prone to fire hazards, poses dangers to human life or according to its existing use, may pose a danger to safety, health or public welfare are deemed to be unsafe. As per government SNGCE Civil DeptPage 6

Basic Civil Engg

Prepared By: Ajith A.V

regulations, these buildings must undergo restoration, demolition or undertake necessary measures as per the instructions of the concerned authority How are buildings categorized on the basis of other miscellaneous features? Special Buildings This is an all-encompassing category which includes assembly buildings, industrial buildings, wholesale establishments, hazardous buildings, hotels, hostels and buildings with central air conditioning which are more than 15 meters in height and have a built-up area of more than 600 square meters. Multi level Car parking These are buildings which are either partially below ground level and have two or more basements or above ground level with two or more floors that are principally used for parking cars, bikes, scooters and other light motorized vehicles. COMPONENT OF BUILDINGS There are two basic components of a building. 1. Sub Structure: 2. Super Structure: Sub Structure Footing and plinth of a building are a part of a sub-structure. This part of building safely transfers the load of building to the underlying soil. Therefore, footing should be of such strength that it can easily carry the building load. Failure of footing leads to failure of building. Width and depth of footing should be designed according to the load of a building coming on it plus the bearing capacity of soil. Bottom part of footing is generally constructed of Plain Cement Concrete (P.C.C) or Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C). Steps are made above (P.C.C) by using bricks, stones or concrete to reach the plinth level. Generally, Damp Proof Course (D.P.C) is laid on plinth level. This layer stops the penetration of moisture to the super structure part of a building. Super Structure Super-structure is a part of structure that is above plinth level (P.L). Generally columns and walls are constructed in super structure. Following are the important parts of super-structure. Floor Roof Lintel Parapet Sun Shade Drip Course Doors & Windows SNGCE Civil DeptPage 7

Basic Civil Engg

Prepared By: Ajith A.V

BASIC COMPONENTS & PARTS OF BUILDINGS Building components or parts are essential materials for building construction. All buildings are built with the same components such as foundations, walls, floors, rooms, and roofs. Buildings need to decorate or renovate with paints, plasters, supplied electricity, and doors and windows fittings, fencing, and external other works to finish accurately. All these works are called Building Service. A building has two basic requirements and components. They are Sub structure: The part of building that is constructed below ground level. Superstructure The part of building that is above ground level Foundation Foundation is the most critical work of building construction. A load of buildings depends on the foundation which is the strength of buildings. It is one kind of substructure. Foundations can be divided into two categories such as Shallow and Deep Foundations. The words shallow and deep indicate the depth of foundation in the soil. Shallow foundations are used for small and light buildings e.g. a small or medium-size houses, small shopping centers, etc., and deep foundations are used for heavy and large buildings e.g. tall buildings, huge shopping malls, large hospitals, and universities, etc. Superstructure The Superstructure is constructed above the underground level. The location between the underground level and the ground level is known as the plinth. In this structure, walls and rooms are constructed and transfer loads from the upper part to the substructure. In this part, a building has the following components: Floor Structures It is an important element of building construction. It is located at the lower level surface of a room. Floors can decorate in various ways. Floors are here to move around e.g. walking from one room to another room. Roof Structures It is located at the upper-level surface of a room. Depends on the weather, roofs can be different categories such as- blue roof, cold roof, collar roof, fabric roof, a domestic roof, domestic roofing, fiber cement, flat roof, green roof, pitched roof, mono-pitched roof, warm roof, shell roof, metal roof, roof tiles, etc. Most of the time, flat roofs, domestic roofs, and fiber cement roofs are used in building constructions. Lintel, Sunshade & Parapet Lintel beams are provided near openings to bear the load coming from the superstructure above the door or windows. Lintels can be steel lintels, reinforced brick lintels, stone lintels, timber lintels, etc. The sunshade is one kind of slab, which is made on the top of windows and doors. It protects the doors and windows from rain and the heavy heat of sunlight. Based on their position, sunshades can be Internal, SNGCE Civil DeptPage 8

Basic Civil Engg

Prepared By: Ajith A.V

External, and Inter-pane. Internal Sun-shading is protecting from solar radiation and balance useful daylight availability; for example- curtains and Venetian blinds, roller blinds, pleated blinds, blackout blinds, etc. External shading can be horizontal, vertical, or egg-crate devices. External Sunshades are considered better to protect the build...