Biology Notes - Google Docs PDF

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Sodium Pumps, Water Concentration, and Cell Communication...

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Sodium Pump uses a 3:2 exchange - 3 sodium atoms bind and then ATP changes it and opens and lets out - 2 K+ go in Osmosis uses aquaporins (special channels of water) Isosmotic - same concentration Hyper - more than - Higher concentration of solutes - Less water - This is where water will flow to Hypo - less than - Lower concentration of solutes - Higher concentration of water - This is where water will flow from Hypo and hyper refer to the solute - to change concentration the water has to change Maintaining osmotic balance to maintain stability 1. Extrusion - contractile vacuoles 2. Isosmotic solutions - match internal concentration to environment Active transport moves things from low to high concentration - Uses 40% of all energy used in a cell Phago = eating solids Pino = take in liquids Find a single proton in a Hydrogen cation Acid has more protons, so more H ions Proton pump is the most important 2nd most important.. Without the sodium pump - nervous system, protein, and muscles do not work “Pump” always requires energy Tight junction is in places like the intestine - tight bond between animal cells Gap junctions in muscle cells connecting cytoplasm between adjacent cells Plant cells don’t have desmosomes bc they have a cell wall and their cytoskeleton

Communicating junctions: adhere cell walls together and cytoplasm streams through and they can communicate - Gap junctions - Plasmodesmata Communication between cells needs: 1. Receptor proteins on the surface of cells 2. Chemical signal molecules bind to a receptor Signaling factor - the ligon Receptor proteins bind to specific signals Cell signaling and communication occur in 5 diff. ways in animals 1. Signal same cell - autocrine 2. Direct contact - gap junctions 3. Nearby cells - paracrine (works w autocrine and is short lived) 4. Distant cells through bloodstream - endocrine (enter through the bloodstream - go through the whole body - long lived) 5. Nerve cell to nerve cell - synaptic In plants - Autocrine - Adjacent cells through plasmodesmata - Distance signaling in plants, not well understood Substrate level phosphorylation Glycolysis formula...