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Professor Kyle Dupen
Fall 2017
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09/07/2017 REVIEW WhatamI?—isthereameinme? ○ WhatamIreferringtowhenIsay“I”   *DUALISM ● Problemnotfeelinglikeacollection *PHYSICALISM ● Scentific ● Bodyparts ● Sayseverythingelseis“fiction” ● Problemreduces“me”toabodyandabrain *MENTALISM ● Whatgoesoninthe“mind”(brain)  *Allcorrespondstothingsthatchange—characteristics.  SOULTHEORY ● Asoulexiststhatcausesapersontodowhattheydo MUTUALMONISM ● Everythingisinvolveoneanother??  HINDUISM Religion ● Notafraidtopaintbigpictures—nature;ofreality. ○ Topaintthispicturetheyuse:ReligiousMyths ■ ReligiousMythsnohistoricalevidence.Hashistoricalproblems.Discounted. ■ Notdesignedforahistorylesson ■ Devicetohelpusunderstandwhoweareinrelationshipofnaturethings ■ Tobetakenseriously—themessageofthemyths(whethertrueornot)aboutus. ■ Teachingstory ● HindusbelieveincountlessGodsdeities ○ Rituals ○ Indianlanguagesanskrit.Deadlanguage ○ Togettheworldinorder:getGod’sattention ■ Throughpriests(professionalsinthisarea)youtopriesttoGod;Divinehelp. ● ParticularGodofhelpaboutspecificproblem.SpecificchantforspecificGod ● Vedaschant;sanskrit ● Sacrifice.Themoresacrifice,themoreyougetGod’sattention ○ CasteinHindus,youhaveaspecificcastesystem.Donethroughlaw.Peoplestayinthesame casteforgenerationstogenerations.Endedin1940sbyGandhi.Has4types. ● 1000Bce,peoplebegantoseesomethingelse ○ Whyistheuniversedistributedasitis.Why? ○ Whathappenedafterthebeginningoftimethatmadethingswhattheyarenow ● Therewasnothingbutoneperson:Purusha ○ Ancientmyththat’sfallenoutoffavor ○ Realizeshecancreateauniverseoutofnothing(notaGod) ○ Hadtocreatethroughhisself.Himsacrificinghimselfbutmeanshewon'texist 

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Thestrugglebetweenexistingornot?YesorNo ● Tapas Struggle,friction,heat“potentialenergy”sayingyes,turnsto“kinetic energy” ○ Heexplodesintomillionsandmillionsofpieces.Limitsoftheuniverse becomes,andbecomesthelengthoftheuniverse(created) ○ BrahmantranslatestoUniverseinsanskrit ○ FoursocialdivisionscomingfromdifferentpartsofPurusha. ■ MouthofPurushapriests;tospeakforpurusha ■ Handswarriors ■ Middleclassbelly;production ■ Feetlaborclass;bcthey’realwayswalking ○ Consciousnesstheybelievethattheuniverseisconsciousnotjustamachine ○ Purushaistheuniverseandisawareofitself Everythingthatexistintheuniverseistemporaryandhaspurpose—aroletoplaycalled: ○ Dharmafunctional,purposeandduty.Everythingthatismadeismadewithapurpose.Brings potentialmeaningforeveryone ■ WhatamIherefor? ■ Dyingandrebirthisthenaturalorder.Partsofyougetrecycledwhenyoudie Dualistic2parts: ○ Jivayourlife.Personalsoul.Essencethatisyou.die,thenthatsoulgetsanewlife.Inhereit’s mortal.Livesanddies,livesanddies,livesanddies.ISYOURS. ○ Atmanparticleofhumanbeingwhichisanchoredwitheternity.Neverdies.Spirit.Greaterself. Impersonalsoul.Nothingtodowithyouasaperson.Consciousnessoftheuniverse.NOT YOURS.AlltheAtmantogetherisBrahman.TheConsciousnessofyou. ○ Wholepointoflife:TODOYOURDHARMA ■ Youkeepondoingdharmathenyouforgetaboutyourself,thenyoudowhatyouwish— Whatyouwanttodo,yourJiva.YougotoyourJivayouforgetyourDharma(heart stoppingexample) ○ IntouchwithyourAtman=moreconsciousnessoftheworld.Yourealizeyou'reasmuchpartof astheuniverseaseverythingelse.Dharmabecomeseasiertodo ○ YouloseyoursenseofAtman,yougetmoreJiva=moreselfish.Becauseyouthinkyour personalselfiswhatyouare.Everythingisjustyou. ○ JivahasatasteofAtman=whatcanIdowithmyskillstohelp.Tomakethingsbetter—to serve.Moresenseofservice ○ Jivaisabodyandalsoamind.Everythingaboutyoupersonally ○ Atmanasoulthathasnothingtodowithyoupersonally.Agreaterpartofyourselfthatis impersonal.Thegreatesthappinessisfindingarelationshipinlifethatisn'taboutyou. ○ HumanbeingisDUAL.Butnotthroughmindandbody—throughsoul ○ Jivadeadend.Justmoneymakethingswork.Nosenseofwhatlifeisfor.SoweneedAtman ○ NotpunishJivabuteducateitsowecanlivelifeinanauthenticallymeaningfulway. ○ You'renottryingtoachieveAtman—youareit ○ Senseofotherness Hinduismthestruggletoreactivatethesenseofourselvesthatwe’velost Upanishadsexplorationofhumanidentity.Narrativesbetweentwopeople.Fatherandson,teacher andpupil,humanandGod. 

09/12/2017 REVIEW 

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Toactivatelatentsense.Tonotlosethesenseofconnectiontotheworld. ○ ReferredtoasDarshana—“SomethingSeen”

 Leadtothechangetotheperspectiveintheworld.“IfIamdivinity,whydoIhavetopraytotheGods?”  Upanishads( 600BCE200CE) Upanishads ● Conversationbetweenindividuals ○ Upadown ○ NiNear ○ Shadssit TheStoryofShvetaketu ● SelfAtman ● “Youarethat”→tattvamasi ○ Example:youarepartoftheworld.Yourbodycamefromwhere?Yourfoodshapesyourbody. Foodcomesfromearth.YouareEarth. Katha ● StoryofNachiketa. ○ Religiouslyinclined ● FatherdecidedtosacrificecowstotheGods.Butcowsaretoooldsocan’tproducemilk ○ Nachiketaquestionssacrifice.FathersacrificedNachiketatolandofthedead. ○ Thefirsthumanevertodie. ● YamaGodoftheunderworld. ○ NachiketawaitsforYamaforthreedays ○ Yama’sterrifiedbchehasbeenapoorhost,makingNachiketawaitfordays ■ Relatedtoculture(hostisimportant) ○ YamagrantsNachiketathreewishesinreturn. ■ Receivedbyhisdadwithlove ■ Toknowthesecretofthefiresacrifice ● NamedafterNachiketathefiresacrifice(hindutradition) ■ Toknowsecretofdeath ● Yamadoesn'twanttotellhimandsuggestshimtowishforsomethingelse ● TwotypesofpeopleYamadescribes ○ OnethatfeelspainwhenwalkingtotheAtmanbecauseoftheneedto turnawayfromthelifes/helivespartially. ● HindutraditionIsthereanotherwaytoseelifeandworldinaverydifferentway ● Twoselves ○ Separateego ○ Invisibleatman ● Nothingtoachieve.Youarealreadyimmortal. ○ Whatyou’reseekingyoualreadyhave. ● Isoursenseofselfasweimagine,reallyaccurate?  HOMEWORK:readnextarticle.Buddhist.Pp.3234.Adnnextresponsequestion. BuddhadisagreeswiththewholeideaofAtman.BuddhaisIndian.OverturnsHinduismandoffers anotherproposition  LECTURE09/14/2017 

Buddha ● Nothisnamebuthistitle. ○ Camefromsanskritthatmeanttobeawaken ● Birthname:SiddharthaGautama ○ BorninnortheasternprovinceofIndia—Nepal ○ Means“prince” ● Hisfatherwasaking. ● SaintormysticsawSiddharthaaleaderinhim. ○ Aspiritualleader. ○ Kingworriedhemightabandonhisroleasaking ● Fathercreatedaspecialenvironmentforhimsohewon’tquestionlife’smeaning—whereeverythingis happyandinorder. ○ Indiathenhadalotofpoverty. ○ Siddharthaneverwentoutsideofthepalacegates. ■ Youcangeteverythingonceyouaskedbutnotgoingoutofthegatesofthepalace ● 29yearsandhestillhasn’tseenthereallife.Hadachildandawife.Goingtoreplacehisfather. ○ Hehoweverheardstoriesoftherealityoutside.Wouldn’tbelieveit. ○ Wouldn’tlethimout.Calledapersonwhocantakehimoutsideatnightsohisfatherwon’tknow ○ Fatherknewanywayandlethimgo ■ Orderedarmytoscatterandmakethecountrysideasbeautifulasitisinthepalaceso whenSiddharthaseesthecountryside,itwouldlookthesameandignoretherumorsof theoutside. ○ Siddharthaseesanoldman,wonderwhattheoldmanis. ■ “What’sold?” ■ Oldisaconditionthathappenstopeople ■ “Whatdoesthispersondotodeserveoldness” ■ Thisiswhathappenstolivingthings ○ Comesback.There’smoretolifethatheimagined.Goesoutagain ■ Seespersonwhoisbeatenout.Bloodonlips.uncomfortable ■ Whatisthat? ■ C:personwhohasadisease ■ Whatisadisease? ■ Peoplewholosesvitality.Differentsicknesses.Oldagehaspowertomakelife unpleasant. ○ Goesbackhomelearningaboutsicknessandoldage.Realizesit’sgoingtohappentohim. Goesbackoutagain.Seesaparade. ■ Seesafuneralforamanthat’sdead.Thoughtitwasaparade.Whatisitfor.Answers then... ■ Whatisdeath? ■ Yousleepbutyoudon’twakeup.Accompaniedbyaveryrapiddecayofthebody.So rapidyouneedtoburyitorelseit’llbecoveredbyfliesandfoulsmell. ■ Realizesitcanhappentohim.Whatahorribleundignifiedfaithforaperson.Whydoesit happenandtowho ■ Itjusthappensandithappenstoeveryone ■ Ifyou’realiveyou’regoingtodie ■ Getdiseaseorgetinanaccident.Ifyou’relucky,yougrowold,notfunctionthesame andstilldie. ○ LearnsaboutOldage,SicknessandDeath. 

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Lifeisanallconsumingfireandican’tengageinit.Herealizesthatnothingispermanent. Goesoutonemoretime.Encountersaseryansin,sittingbesidetheroadmeditating.Looksat himandseesbottomlesspeaceinhiseyes ■ Whoareyou? ■ Iamsomeonewhocanseethetruth ■ Realizeshelivesalifefilledwithliesandwantsthatsamepeace ■ Comesbacktothepalace.Kissesthemgoodbye.Tradestobeggarclothesandlivesin theforest Storyconnectedtohinduism.BeenlivingthelifeofJiva.NeedshisAtman. ○ Practicehighestformofyoga—rajayoga.Topracticetheconnectionofyourjivaandatman. ■ Theideaistopeelthelayersofyourjivaandpracticeyouratman. ● Iamnotmygender,mynationalityetc. Siddharthadeniedallhislifeimpulses. ○ Honoredbyhispupils.Deniedhislifetodiscoverhisatman. Sittingintheriver.Realizeshistoogoodatthisandrealizesthathe’sdying—thathedeniedhimself existence. Remembersamemoryfromhischildhoodandrememberthefeelingofsatisfaction.Thenatural feelingofinnocence.Simplesenseofexistencewhichneedsnothing—whateveryneeds,he realizes.Noneedtodenyanything,justneedtoexistandlive.Asatoddlerthatiseasytodo andasanadultitbecomesdifficulttounderstand. ○ Totaldenial—noreasontodoit.Heruinedhisbodyfornoreason.Hedidn’tneedtodeny anything.Heonlyneededtoexist,likehowatoddlerdoes.Simplehappiness Girlgiveshimricemilk,accepts.Feelsstrong.Pupilabandonedhimbctheythoughthewasinaverge oftheatmanbutwastempted. Plantsatree“iamnotmovingfromthisspotuntiliunderstand” ○ Wakesup.Becomesbuddha.Seesthesituation. Buddhasaysweneedtostartinscratch. Takealongonahumanbeing.Startsimpleandseewhatwefind ○ Firstwenoticethebody. ■ Simplebutnotbecauseofthoughtsandeverything ■ Sensitive.Capableofsensations(feeling) ● Eyessee.Inputissensation.Whensensationgetstothebrainitbecomes Perception. ■ Perceptionthenispreservedasamemory. ● Becomesmemories,thoughts,ideas→Collectedperception ■ Consciousnesswhentheorganismisawareofalloftheaforementionedtakingplace. (yourealizedyou’reanesthetizedetc.) AsfarasIcantell,thisisacomprehensivelistofwhathumansexperience.Thefactors.The5factors ○ 5Skandhas—Factors ■ Body,sensation,perceptions,thoughts,consciousness. ■ Nothingpermanent.Thesefactorsalwayschange. ○ Ifyoucanclassifytheseimpermanentfactorsthenwhyshouldanyonebelieveoftheatman? Thatthereisanythingmissing.Whatcouldtheatmanofferthattheskandhascannotoffer? Buddha. ■ AnotherdescriptionofaPhysicalism.Buddhaisaphysicalist. ■ Reallyhardtoarguewiththismodel. ■ Tosaythatthereisahigherselfisabsurd. ● Kentuckyfriedchickenexample(XDLMAO)

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BuddhaAtmanisjustafantasy.  ■ Noself.Noatman. ● Byselfhemeansgreaterself.—AnAtmanorAnatta ● Anatta(anattah)doctrineofnoself. ■ Whatyouareisjustyou’recharacteristics.Notaself. ● Idowhatidobecauseofmythoughtsetc. ● Noameinme ● Thethoughtsarethinkingit.It’sprogrammed. ○ Youcanonlypastthisifyoutrytogetusedtothinkofitthisway.  LECTURE09/19/2017

Anatta—noself ● Apersonholdscharacteristics.5skandhas ● BuddhismorANNICAeverythingimpermanent.Everythingischanging.Thestateofrealityis transient ○ Universeisjustreallyamatterofmotion ● TurnedthelandtoIndian’sagainfor500elephants ● NoBuddhaimages ○ Togetridofimagesofself ○ Greekswantedanimageofbuddhasotheyseewhothey’repreachingto ■ DecidedApollolookstheclosesttobuddha ■ ManbunasasignofBuddha’sknowledge KingMelinda ● Tableexample** ○ Atableiswhatwedefineitasitis ○ Nothings,justmatter.Isunderacertaindefinition  LastmodeloftheHumanSelf ● MadebyGreekphilosopher:PLATO ● HadavisionoftheHumanPsyche(“soul”) ○ Essentialself ○ WhatamIessential ● Platoexamineshumanself. ○ Plato’sRepublicPlato’sbook ○ Originallyapoet ○ Workedthroughwritinganarrative,peopletalkingtoanotherthroughconversations. ■ PlacedtheminAthens,Greece. ■ Protagonistofallthesestoriesis:Socrates,Plato’steacher. ■ Wroteabouteveryoneheknows. ● Socrates ○ Strangeman ○ Firstrealheartphilosophy ■ Interestedinthetruth ■ Problem:can’tseepastownopinions ● Opinionslookrealtome,convincingtome,thereforeit’sthetruth ■ Acknowledgethatheknewnothing ■ Runtopeople,askpeopleandwillhavedebatesalsoknownasaElenchus.Debate betweentwopeople 

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Forhimthetruthiswhatisleftoverafteryougetridofalltheopinions.Theremainsof reality,ofwhatIimaginedrealitytobeissweptaside.Don’tneedtofindthetruth.What youneedisanotherpersonwithacontrastingopiniontohave“elenchus”debatewith. Nottotrytowinandproveownopinion ● Bothcandeconstructthevisionoftheworldandseethetruth.NOTTHECASE THOUGH. ○ Socrateshadahardtimedoingthis. ■ Socrateswasexecuted.Toohonestofthemanheis. ■ Dothistopeoplewithpowerthentheykillyou>.> ■ Peoplecan’tbeartoberevealed THEREPUBLICPLATO ● BeginswithexplorationofJustice→soul ●   LECTURE9/21/2017 HumanPsychePlato’s ● Orhumansoul WhatisJustice? ● 1.)Speakingthetruth&givingbackwhatisowed—injustice! ○ Ex.givemethegun(fromfriend) ■ Truth:hehasthegun ■ Owed:thegun ● 2.)Givingbackwhatisfitting ○ Givepeoplewhattheydeserve. ○ Socratesstillnotsatisfied!!! ○ Injustice ● 3.)Doinggoodtofriendsandharmtoenemies ○ Arete:“Virtue”excellence ■ Intrinsicnatureofathing.Thethingitdoesbest ■ Thehorsethat’sharmed,becomesworse.Inrespecttohumans,it’sthesame ■ Humanbeingsthatareharmedbecomesmoreunjust ■ Itisneverjusttohurtanyone. ● Evenbadpeople ● Harmingpeopledoesnotmakethemjust.Harmingthemcouldevenmakethem evenmoreunjust ● Justiceistheorderofthings. ○ Carexample: ■ Hasintrinsicvirtueandarete:theuniqueengine.Isamobilemachine ■ Techne:thefunction—toprovidetransportation ■ Areteisinorder,technecanbedone=perfectlyJUSTcar ● Justicecanbeappliedtoanything ■ Disordered:unjustcar.Can’tdofunction ● Societyoughttobeacertainwayjustway ○ whymustsocietybeinsuchstructuretobeinsuchorder. ● Justiceisanythingthatisinitsproperorder ○ Whatistherightorderingofthestructureofsociety,therightorderofpeoplethatyieldsjustice? That’sforthebest? 

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Makingthempaybackdoesnotnecessarilyequaljustice,it’sjustrevenge.Dothatokay, butdon’tcallitjustice,callitrevenge ● Thenhowdoesjusticelookliketounjustpeople? ○ Toharmaharmedpersonisjustunjustasharminganunjustperson Molarityisrelative ○ What’smoralforotherpeoplemightnotbemoralforother ■ Everyhasadifferentnotion/vision ■ Platoisamoralist,absolutist. Thrasymachusthrowsforthdefinitionofjustice ○ 4.)Justiceistheadvantageofthestronger ■ Justiceisbasedonpower—whoeverhasthepower ● Socratescounterargument:Acaptainisnotacaptainunlessheuseshisrole andeducationhonestlyandviseversa. ● Arealrulergovern.Theareteisleadership.Ifyouhaveleadershipthenyoucan govern.Youcanbealeader ○ Ifyouabusetheyourarete,thenyou’renotaruler. ● Thrasymachus’debateback ○ Ifthisistrue,whydosomejustpeoplegetscrewedandunjustpeopleget awayfromit ○ Unjustpeopledobetter ○ Socratescomebackthroughanalogy: ■ Eudaimoniatolivewell.Literalmeaning:happyspirit ● Thefunctionofone’sself. ○ Justice→istolivewell. ○ Lackingit’sstructure,it’sfunction,thenitcan’tlivewell. 

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LECTURE09/28/17 ...Don’tletmerchantslead ○ Guidedbywarriors ○ Merchantsleadbasedonwhattheywant ○ Whenacarpenterdoesashoemaker’job=noharm ○ Moderation→toproduce WARRIORS(Middlelevelofpyramid) ○ Courage→toprotect ○ Guidedbyguardians GUARDIAN ○ Wisdom→torule Whenyouhavewisdom,courageandmoderationthenyouhaveacitywhoisJUST Aguardian,warriorandmerchantneedtomindtheirownbusiness

 NatureofhumanPSYCHE ● Humanisexactanalogasthecitywe’vebeenlookingat(Guardian,Warriors,Merchant) ● Platowehaveinusacitywithathousandofappetites(Epithumiaingreek) ○ Inhumans,itincludesourdesires,opinions,tastes,attitudes,fears,anxieties,hopes… everythingthatdefinesyourpersonality/disposition ■ Whyappetites? ● Theyallwishtobefed.Appetitive.Hungrytoexpressthemselvesthroughmy identity. 

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○ Ex.fearwantstobeacknowledged. ● Gotthemexactlylikehowacitygetstheirmerchantclass ● Justlikeacity,reliesononeresource→YOU ● We’realwaysswitchingwithourparticulardesires ○ Differentversionsofselvesthatcompetewitheachother ○ Ifnottheyband/groupupandcountereachother ■ Ex.wakingupexample.OneselfsaysI’llwakeupat4butIwake upat7becausemyotherselveshasnointerestindoingthat. ● NOTONEPERSON ● Alldesiresandselvesjustmoveinwiththechoiceoftheperson.Personalityis setintheageof5and6 ● Whichever“I”isjumpingthehighest,that’s“Me”.Alwaysliveinthatlast“I” ○ Ex.angrypersonexample.Yousaythingswhenyou’reangrynextday you’reembarrassedtoseetheperson. ● Each“I”scratchingouttosuperiority. ● Whenyoulettheappetitesruntheshowit’llbelikechaos.Likeaboatwith everyoneasacaptain. ● Moderation→satisfyneeds MINDNousingreek.Qualityofattentionthathasnoparticularinterest,agenda,desires, taste,opinionetc.Guardianhadoneinterest—wellbeingofthecityoverall.Guardianofhuman ismind/reasoning ■ Desireandopinioncan’tleadbecauseitwantswhatitwants ■ Weneedadesirethatisforthewellbeingoftheoverall ● Ex.laptopdesire.2glassofwines.“Whydon’tyoujustbuyit”.Clicksandbuys ■ Differentpersonalitiesstandforone“I”.One“I”didsomethingandtherestofthe“I’s” havetopay. ■ Can’tletappetitesrule(Ex.buyinglaptopwhenyoudon’thavethemoneyforit...