CHM258 E- Report PDF

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ASSIGNMENT (E-REPORT)SEMESTER 3 2019/SUBMISSION DATE:15/01/FACULTY : APPLIED SCIENCECOURSE CODE : CHMCOURSE NAME : FUNDAMENTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRYTITLE : E-REPORT (FUNGICIDE: CARBENDAZIM)LECTURER : Rafidah SelamanNO. MATRICNUMBERSTUDENTS NAME1 2019646266 NURUL IZZATI BINTI RUSLI2 2019428458 MIRZA KARM...

Description

ASSIGNMENT (E-REPORT) SEMESTER 3 2019/2020

SUBMISSION DATE:

15/01/2021

FACULTY

: APPLIED SCIENCE

COURSE CODE

: CHM258

COURSE NAME

: FUNDAMENTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

TITLE

: E-REPORT (FUNGICIDE: CARBENDAZIM)

LECTURER

: Rafidah Selaman

NO.

STUDENTS NAME

1

MATRIC NUMBER 2019646266

2

2019428458

MIRZA KARMILA BINTI LAZIS@ALIZAS

NURUL IZZATI BINTI RUSLI

INTRODUCTION Pesticides, a sort of chemical or biological reagents, are widely utilized in agriculture to manage plant growth and control disease and bug pests, which may promote crop growth and improve crop yield. One of the rarest but broadly used pesticides is Carbendazim. Carbendazim or its IUPAC name methyl benzimidazole-2-yl carbamate is a widely used fungicide. It is applied repeatedly over and the season within the production of vegetables and Chinese medical herbs and is widely utilized in fruit and vegetable cultivation to eliminate various types of pathogens. The molecular formula for this compound is C9 H9 N3 O2 with 191.2 g for its molecular mass. It is 2-aminobenimidazole class member, in which the methoxycarbonyl group is replaced by the primary amino group. According to National Library of Medicine (2005), Carbendazim is a carbamate ester in which is the member of benzimidazoles, a benzimidazole fungicide and benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicides and is a derivative for 2-aminobenzimidazole. MacBean (2010) stated that Carbendazim is typically available commercially as a crystalline compound with gray-to-white powder. It comes with colorless and odorless solid. It has the freezing point at 302˚C-307˚C and solubility in water is 5 mg/l at 25˚C. Carbendazim is stable at Ph 5-7 and capable of strong dust explosion but it is not flammable or auto-flammable analyses for residues. Carbendazim is a stable compound with a long half-life in which it is decompose on turf soil takes about 3-6 months, on bare soil about 6-12 months, and in water up to 25 months, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. However, the World Health Organization categorized Carbendazim as the dangerous chemical not only to environment but also human and animals due to its toxicity and if it used in high doses.

OBJECTIVES In order to have a good understanding about this organic compound, here are some objectives that can be learnt: 1. To study how Carbendazim works. 2. To gain information about the advantages and disadvantages of Carbendazim. 3. To study the ways to handle Carbendazim.

DISCUSSION 1. How Carbendazim works A member of the group of fungicide like Carbendazim are broadly utilized in forestry and agriculture to conserve the cultivable crops for instance the fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and medicinal herbs from fungal disease like Anthracnose, Botrytis rots, Downy Midews, brown spots, scab, and lots of more that would harm the plant lives. World Health Organization stated that Carbendazim are designed to stop the Biochemical metabolisms of the target phytopathogenic fungi which may be a very serious threat to plant health that are caused by parasites and pathogen themselves.

Carbendazim is assimilated with translocation, acropetally through both the green tissues and the root of the plants. It is acting by slowing the growth of the fungal plasma membranes, the formation of appressoria which is a type of specialized cell that use to infect host plants as well as the growth of mycelia which is the vegetative part of a fungus that consisting a network of white filaments. This organic compound is used either as a spray in a low volume for concentrate spraying or high volume for dilute spraying or as a post-harvest dip with several applications depending on the type of plant and what kind of disease that affected the plant.

For example, if the crop harvested is strawberries, and they are affected by disease like Botrytis Cinerea, or well known as Grey mold, Carbendazim need to be applied when the disease is first occurs or as fertilizing. The repetition needs to be done from 7 to 14 days in time frame, if the disease pressure is low, and shorter interval when the disease pressure is high. As for the post-harvest dip with crop like apples that are affected by blue mold, the fruits need to be submerged for about 30 seconds. The dipping should take place at least 24 hours after harvesting. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (2007) stated that listed application rates for products are in the range of 25 to 100 ml/100L. Usually, Carbendazim are available in 100g,250g, and 500g commercially and those who use this organic compound need to be extra careful when handling it due to its toxicity including where they keep it.

2. Advantages of Carbendazim As we know, Carbendazim is a type of fungicide that are widely used in agriculture to protect the crops from any kind of dangerous disease including Septoria, Fusarium and Sclerotina. It is relatively persistent in the soil and can, under certain conditions, be very persistent in the water system. This is all because of the advantages of this compound.

Carbendazim has its own advantages and one of them is it is nematicide. Nematicide here means the substances that kill nematode worms which makes it highly toxic to the earthworms. Because of this, it will protect the plant form being eaten by the worms and prevent them from leaving any physical damage on the plant that will worsen the plant looks.

The formulation of carbendazim is one of the best in the agricultural field. This is because it is a broad-spectrum fungicide that, with its powerful mode of action, effectively controls large amounts of disease and pests especially when it binds with other compounds. For example, Carbendazim are always bound together with insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). This means that whenever the plant is affected with any harmful parasites or pathogens, carbendazim can handle them right away in a short period of time.

Compared to other pesticides or fungicides, carbendazim is also less expensive and affordable for superior protection and price per acre. Farmers have demonstrated that it is possible to use this type of organic compound. Even if used in low doses, it is also efficient and can cover up a large hectare of plants. Therefore, most of the famers choose to buy Carbendazim more than other type of fungicide.

Besides, other advantages of carbendazim are, it is absorbed really fast by the plants and translocated in entire plant. The most exciting part is even if it rains a couple of hours after its application, it remains effective. This means that Carbendazim is really a really good choice for the farmers because it can save up their energy to look up to their plant for many times because carbendazim indeed works in any circumstances even under the bad weather.

Apart from that, Fungal growth is also prevented by inhibiting fungal development by preventing the synthesis of tubulin at the mitosis stage with the help of Carbendazim.

3. Disadvantages of Carbendazim Even though pesticides help to fight disease in plant, the widespread use of pesticides in crops or food will result in different degrees of residue and thus affect human health and same goes to Carbendazim. Although Carbendazim plays a big role in crop disease prevention, but there are some disadvantages to its use at the same time.

Carbendazim is classified by the World Health Organization in the dangerous class of chemicals and has been categorized by the European Commission in the priority list of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Although the toxic effect of carbendazim has been reported because of increasing concern about environmental endocrine disruptors, the toxicity of carbendazim is becoming a hot topic. Carbendazim is chemically stable and the degradation is quite difficult so it can persist for a long time in the soil and has some toxic effects on humans, invertebrates, aquatic life, and microorganisms but the effects are more severe on animals, especially rats. This can be proven in the laboratory experiments where Six groups of male rats were gavage-administered carbendazim at doses of 0, 200, 3400, or 5000 mg/kg bw per day, five times a week for two weeks. Two rats died per day at 3400 mg/kg bw. Gross and microscopic evidence of adverse test effects and reduction or absence of sperm in the epididymides was observed at all doses. This illustrate that Carbendazim could harm human health too if they are expose to high doses of this compound.

Other disadvantages of carbendazim are that various adverse effects are documented when carbendazim is given orally to male mammals, such as germ cell sloughing, atrophy of seminiferous tubules and modification of hormone levels. The reproductive and developmental toxicity of carbendazim, which can trigger germinal cell apoptosis, has also been related to endocrine disruption. It is also carcinogenic where it provokes proliferation of hepatic cells leading to hepatocellular tumors in mice, particularly but not considered to be a suitable model for human hepatic tumor formation, but human need to be extra careful.

Due to its adverse environmental and health effects, carbendazim in orange juices has been banned in several countries including US, Australia, and Brazil. It is banned because it is In imported orange juice products, it is associated with testicular damage and infertility and the safety level is not satisfied. It also can cause hormone disruption, DNA damage and cancer.

4. Safe way to handle Carbendazim Since Carbendazim is well-known for its toxicity, the safety methods need to be done when handling this kind of organic compound so that the users can avoid any bad effects to their health.

To use this compound, the users are advised to use it only in well humidified areas and leave the area of contamination and go to an open area with fresh air in the event of accidental aspiration. If situation gets bad, the users are advised to seek medical attention.

Besides, the users are advised to avoid skin or clothing contact with this active compound. It is much more safety if the users wear protective suits, gloves resistant to chemicals and safety footwear or safety rubber boots. Every time after handling with this compound, the users need to be careful when removing any contaminated pieces of clothing. With soap and water, rinse the contaminated portion of the skin so that none of the leftover material is left on the skin.

Other than that, in order to avoid the materials to get into eyes, wearing goggles and face shield are highly recommended. If it is happening accidently, the users need to rinse their eyes with clean water and immediately seek for medical help.

The users especially the farmers are strictly advised not to eat or drink near this this substance because once it is swallowed, it can be poisonous and affect the health. If only the users accidently swallowed any quantity of carbendazim, they need to drink a lot of water and immediately go to near hospital.

The most important is before applying chemicals, the users need to refer to label instructions and workplace regulations regarding proper handling of the equipment. The users also need to have a very good knowledge on how to manage this type of substance, so they need to learn it from someone who have been handling it for a very long time instead of learning it by their own selves.

CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Carbendazim is a famous fungicide family that works efficiently to prevent plant diseases, but it needs to be used in a certain dosage and concentration to prevent bad effects to humans, animals, and the environment. Carbendazim also has its own advantages and disadvantages where the advantages including persistent in the water system, it is nematicide, of the best formation in the agricultural field, affordable and absorbed fast through the plant. While the disadvantages including classified as the most dangerous chemicals, causing bad effects if exposed with it, risking human and animals to have cancer, and banned in several country due to its toxicity. Because of that, it needs proper safety methods in order to protect the user from any harm.

REFFERENCES 1. Berglöf, T., Van Dung, T., Kylin, H., & Nilsson, I. (2002). Carbendazim sorption– desorption in Vietnamese soils. Chemosphere, 48(3), 267-273. 2. Adedara, I. A., Vaithinathan, S., Jubendradass, R., Mathur, P. P., & Farombi, E. O. (2013). Kolaviron prevents carbendazim-induced steroidogenic dysfunction and apoptosis in testes of rats. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 35(3), 444453. 3. Yunlong, Y. U., Xiaoqiang, C. H. U., Guohui, P. A. N. G., Xiang, Y., & Hua, F. A. N. G. (2009). Effects of repeated applications of fungicide carbendazim on its persistence and microbial community in soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21(2), 179-185. 4. Akbarsha, M. A., Kadalmani, B., Girija, R., Faridha, A., & Hamid, K. S. (2001). Spermatotoxic effect of carbendazim. 5. Lebailly, P., Vigreux, C., Godard, T., Sichel, F., Bar, E., LeTalaer, J. Y., ... & Gauduchon, P. (1997). Assessment of DNA damage induced in vitro by etoposide and two fungicides (carbendazim and chlorothalonil) in human lymphocytes with the comet assay. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 375(2), 205-217. 6. Yunlong, Y. U., Xiaoqiang, C. H. U., Guohui, P. A. N. G., Xiang, Y., & Hua, F. A. N. G. (2009). Effects of repeated applications of fungicide carbendazim on its persistence and microbial community in soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21(2), 179-185. 7. Perreault, S. D., Jeffay, S., Poss, P., & Laskey, J. W. (1992). Use of the fungicide carbendazim as a model compound to determine the impact of acute chemical exposure during oocyte maturation and fertilization on pregnancy outcome in the hamster. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 114(2), 225-231. 8. Maltby, L., Brock, T. C., & van den Brink, P. J. (2009). Fungicide risk assessment for aquatic ecosystems: importance of interspecific variation, toxic mode of action, and exposure regime. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(19), 7556-7563. 9. Yang, C., Hamel, C., Vujanovic, V., & Gan, Y. (2011, October 31). Fungicide: Modes of Action and Possible Impact on Nontarget Microorganisms. Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2011/130289/ 10. Mahmood, I., Imadi, S. R., Shazadi, K., Gul, A., & Hakeem, K. R. (2016). Effects of pesticides on environment. In Plant, soil and microbes (pp. 253-269). Springer, Cham.

11. Veneziano, A., Vacca, G., Arana, S., De Simone, F., & Rastrelli, L. (2004). Determination of carbendazim, thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl in banana (Musa acuminata) samples imported to Italy. Food chemistry, 87(3), 383-386. 12. W. Han, Y. Tian, and X. Shen, “Human exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides and the evaluation of their potential toxicity: an overview,” Chemosphere, vol. 192, pp. 59–65, 2018. 13. Author InformationARTICLE SECTIONSJump ToCorresponding AuthorJochen P. Zubrod - Institutefor Environmental Sciences, Author, C., Jochen P. Zubrod Institutefor Environmental Sciences, [email protected], E., Authors, Mirco Bundschuh - Institutefor Environmental Sciences, . . . Notes. (n.d.). Fungicides: An Overlooked

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