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Professor Wayne Finke Contact: 8475367246 Reading 1 (Candide) https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/candide/summary Pseudonym: a fictitious name, especially one used by an author.   Satire: the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.   Hyperbole: Exaggeration for effect.  Entrepreneur: a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.   Oxymoron: a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction  Folliculator: a Freron= A successful and popular journalist who had attacked several of Voltaire’s plays, including Tancrede.  Buenos Aires’ governor: Don Fernando d’Ibaraa y Figueroa y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza  Pessimist: a person who tends to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen.    When Candid went to Paris in France, he didn’t describe any landmark but only people.  He is jaded = He is bored(dull) with everything  Candide Cunegonda Martin Pangloss Cacambo  Bildungsroman is the combination of two German words: Bildung, meaning "education," and Roman, meaning "novel." Fittingly, a "bildungsroman" is a novel that deals with the formative years of the main character - in particular, his or her psychological development and moral education. 

Poetry of John Keats (1795-1821)  John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He was one of the main figures of the second generation of Romantic poets, along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, despite his works having been in publication for only four years before his death from tuberculosis at the age of 25.  On First Looking into Chapman's Homer https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/john-keats/on-first-looking-into-chapman-s-homer#:~:text=Jo hn%20Keats's%20%E2%80%9COn%20First%20Looking,world%20of%20which%20Homer%20san g.   

A sonnet Essentially, it is a poem about poetry itself, describing a reading experience so profound that an entire world seems to come to life. The poem talks specifically about a translation of Homer, the Classical Greek poet, by George Chapman, an Elizabethan poet whose translations were more concerned with the reader's experience of the text than loyalty to the original form.  When I have Fears That I May Cease to Be https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/john-keats/when-i-have-fears-that-i-may-cease-to-be ● ●

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personification and apostrophe ○ When you address inanimate object ● The poem centers on a speaker's anxiety about dying before being able to achieve his or her aspirations as a poet. What makes the poem especially tragic and moving is that Keats died of tuberculosis only three years after writing it, at the young age of 25.  Bright star https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/john-keats/bright-star-would-i-were-stedfast-as-thou-art  The speaker wants  to  be“stedfast”—constant and unchanging—like the “bright star” described  in the poem’s first eight lines. But, unlike the  “bright star,” the speaker does  not want to  be isolated or distant from human life: instead, the  speaker  wants  to  spend eternity  locked  in a passionate embrace with  his  or her  lover.  The  speaker fantasizes  about this  unchanging  love—but it's  not clear  whether  it  can  actually  be  achieved  in real  life. As  the  speaker  acknowledges in the poem's final  line,  his or  her fantasy is  fragile, threatened by the death  and  change that eventually overwhelm all human beings.   La Belle Dame sans Merci (The Beautiful Lady Without Pity) https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/john-keats/la-belle-dame-sans-merci   ●

In the poem, a medieval knight recounts a fanciful romp in the countryside with a fairy woman—La Belle Dame sans Merci, which means "The Beautiful Lady Without Mercy" in French—that ends in cold horror. Related to this focus on death and horror, Keats wrote the poem months after his brother Tom died of tuberculosis.  Ode on a Grecian Urn  https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/john-keats/ode-on-a-grecian-urn 

 Ode= A poem on a high sophisticated subject The urn is an art, it is eternal. A comparison between life and art.  Greek= Polytheism Cold Pastoral!= But this respite seems inhuman or false, leading the speaker to call the urn cold.  Ode to a Nightingale https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/john-keats/ode-to-a-nightingale ● ● ● ●

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 The poem focuses on a speaker standing in a dark forest, listening to the beguiling and beautiful song of the nightingale bird. This provokes a deep and meandering meditation by the speaker on time, death, beauty, nature, and human suffering (something the speaker would very much like to escape!). At times, the speaker finds comfort in the nightingale's song and at one point even believes that poetry will bring the speaker metaphorically closer to the nightingale. By the end of the poem, however, the speaker seems to be an isolated figure—the nightingale flies away, and the speaker unsure of whether the whole experience has been "a vision" or a "waking dream."  Ode on Melancholy https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/john-keats/ode-on-melancholy   Essentially the poem is about how to deal—and how not to deal—with deep sadness. The speaker comes across as a kind of advisor who warns against turning to intoxication or death for relief from melancholy. Instead, the speaker argues that melancholy should be embraced. The poem also establishes a link between the good things in life and melancholy. Because anything good is doomed to end, the poem suggests that all beauty is suffused with a kind of poignant sadness.  To Autumn https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/john-keats/to-autumn   

Exam (Online 2:15pm) 3 Parts - Identification, literary term, title, character (answer only 10) - 4 Questions (a paragraph) - Identification 10, 4 paragraph, 4 texture quotes (who wrote it, title, what the 6 lines is about)  Poetry of William Woodworths (E, pp. 325-333)  Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/william-wordsworth/lines-composed-a-few-miles-above-tinter n-abbey “Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, On Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour. July 13, 1798”— commonly known as “Tintern Abbey”— is a poem written by the British Romantic poet William Wordsworth. Wordsworth had first visited the Wye Valley when he was 23 years old. His return five years later occasioned this poem, which Wordsworth saw as articulating his beliefs about nature, creativity, and the human soul. “Tintern Abbey” was included as the final poem in Lyrical Ballads, a 1798 collection of poems by Wordsworth and his friend and fellow poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.  The writing of now; an adult but thinking back when he was an adolescent. He realized everything has changed “That time is past, And all its aching joys are now no more, And all its dizzy raptures.”   Now he refers to his sister (Dorothy) as a friend by using personification/ apostrophe. Speaking to a witness, that lacks experience.   ● Philosophical meditation of nature in contrast to human beings. ○ Nature is eternal but humanity is finite ● Blank verse = verse that may have stanza but without rhyme ● Abbey = Monastery, Chimney ○ Abbey is the focal point where he used to describe the world ● Adolescents = individuals in the 10-19 years age group   Ode on Intimations of Immortality (Not on test) The fifth stanza contains arguably the most famous line of the poem: "Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting." https://www.gradesaver.com/wordsworths-poetical-works/study-guide/summary-ode-intimationsof-immortality ● Ode = A type of poetry/ poem written on a high and sophisticated theme ● Talks about kid imitating adult

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Talks about life is finite 

 Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/william-wordsworth/composed-upon-westminster-bridge-septe mber-3-1802

Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802” is a sonnet written by William Wordsworth, arguably the most prominent of the English Romantic Poets. The title marks a specific place and time—a viewpoint over London’s River Thames during the Industrial Revolution—and is typical of Wordsworth, whose work often deals with both the power and fleeting nature of remembered moments. The poem’s speaker contemplates the city at dawn, seeing it for its breathtaking beauty while also acknowledging the industrial forces transforming it. When published, the poem appeared alongside sonnets that explicitly criticized industrial England. The speaker contemplates early-morning London from a bridge. In the clear, quiet dawn, the speaker’s takes in the city and its natural surroundings, seeing them as both separate and unified. By comparing the city to the natural world that surrounds it, the poem emphasizes the challenge of locating a clear border between the two. The poem arguably goes so far as to suggest that there isn’t one, and that the city itself is an extension of nature. ● ●

Talking about the view of a city in London Format: Sonet (14 lines) and rhymes

The World Is Too Much With Us The poem laments the withering connection between humankind and nature, blaming industrial society for replacing that connection with material pursuits. Wordsworth wrote the poem during the First Industrial Revolution, a period of technological and mechanical innovation spanning the mid 18th to early 19th centuries that thoroughly transformed British life. https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/william-wordsworth/the-world-is-too-much-with-us ● Nature, Materialism, and Loss Poetry of Leopardi (E, pp. 370-373) Self-taught. For him life is not a good thing, sad, pessimistic The Infinite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27infinito https://englishwithmrspierce.files.wordpress.com/2019/02/the-infinite.pdf https://medium.com/illumination/linfinito-by-giacomo-leopardi-515a8f44b3ab Takes landscape as a point of departure to put bad light on things ● Sonnet (14 lines)

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Written by Giacomo Leopardi probably in the autumn of 1819. The poem is a product of Leopardi's yearning to travel beyond his restrictive home town of Recanati and experience more of the world which he had studied. It is widely known within Italy. Harsh life, 3 women rejected him

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The poet is at Monte Tabor, his ideal refuge, in Recanati, Marche. His hometown is the place that sublimates his mind, heart and soul.

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The hedge prevents the view of the horizon, as the perceptual obstacle that allows the mind to escape from the immediate experience of the senses. The poem is ultimately configured as a visual-perspective study of the elements of the landscape and a personal philosophical reflection. Beyond the hedge, therefore, open spaces without limits, deep silences, absolute peace.

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Peace is bearer of dismay, and an indication of that eternity to which the sudden rustling of the wind in the foliage leads the poet “I” to shipwreck, annihilates it, merging with the universe. So, between the threat of silence and the sonorous presence of nature, thought grasps the elusive universality of infinity, overcoming contingency. With “infinite” and “spaces beyond the quiet” the poet refers to the future, which will always appear to us as a sweet illusion that will never go away. The hedge, on the other hand, is the wall that divides the present from the future, the poet from the infinite and only lets us imagine what our fate consists of. This is the peak of Cosmic Pessimism in poetry. Every man can try to grasp the infinite that provides a deep well-being……but also a sense of fearful dismay.

This lonely hill has always been so dear to me, and dear the hedge which hides away the reaches of the sky. But sitting here and wondering, I fashion in my mind the endless spaces far beyond, the more than human silences, and deepest peace; so that the heart is on the edge of fear. And when I hear the wind come blowing through the trees, I pit its voice against that boundless silence and summon up eternity, and the dead seasons, and the present one, alive with all its sound. And thus it is in this immensity my thought is drowned: and sweet to me the foundering in this sea.

To Himself https://quizlet.com/28714117/giacomo-leopardi-to-himself-flash-cards/ ● This life is bitter; the world is mud. ● Talking to his heart (apostrophe) ● Written after he was rejected ● He is in a vacuum, no hope, no visions; all that is left is death. ● Despair, negativism

To Sylvia The poem, written in 1828, refers to a young girl named Sylvia who many deem to be the daughter of a servant who worked in Leopardi’s household. Throughout the poem, Sylvia incarnates all the hopes, dreams, desires, and illusions that get torn apart in the dark reality of life, in the same way in which Sylvia’s life was taken from her by tuberculosis – which Leopardi refers to as the ‘chiuso morbo’. The poem expresses the tragic love of life and all its adornments as the poet accuses Nature of being to blame for beautiful dreams of the youth and subsequent pain caused once the apparent truth, ‘l’apparir del vero’ destroys them. ● Feelings/ sentiments can’t be translated/ communicated to another human being. ● Ineffable= Can’t put into words exactly to another human being. ○ Ineffability of human communication ○ “No human tongue can tell”

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“Bitterness invades” when she dies “The truth rose up, you fell.” She succumbed to TB and died. Sepulchre = Grave/ tomb

Saturday Night In The Village http://ronnowpoetry.com/contents/leopardi/SaturdayNight.html

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Have element of Romanticism with nature and landscape Sounding of bell is the marker of human existence Last bell on Saturday evening is the excitement and expectation for tomorrow's day off. Lastly, tell a little boy to not rush, tomorrow will come.

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   Poetry of Walt Whitman (E, 548-567) Lincoln’s Funeral Train “O Captain! My Captain!” https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/walt-whitman/o-captain-my-captain “O Captain! My Captain!” is an elegy written by Walt Whitman in 1865 to commemorate the death of President Abraham Lincoln. It was first published in Sequel to Drum-Taps (1865), a collection of Whitman’s poems inspired by the events of the American Civil War. The poem is perhaps Whitman’s most famous—which is ironic, since it is far more conventional in meter, form, and subject than much of Whitman’s other work. Although some critics have suggested that Whitman regretted ever writing “O Captain! My Captain!” it undeniably captured the mood of a nation in mourning and has remained one of Whitman’s best-loved and most-quoted poems.  ● Story about how he feel when Lincoln got assassinated ● Apostrophe, talking about a dead president; compares it to a captain on a ship (metaphor)  ● Title in quotation as it is a short work ● Its an elegy ○ a poem of serious reflection, especially one mourning the loss of someone who died. Elegies are defined by their subject matter, and don't have to follow any specific form in terms of meter, rhyme, or structure. ● Contrast of the loss of life compared to the victory of a country ○ Individual loss vs. victory of a country ● Poet convey the feelings of the people ● Wreaths= an arrangement of flowers  When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/poetry/when-lilacs-last-in-the-dooryard-bloomd/summ ary/section-1 ● 16 stanzas are also elegy  ● Describing the funeral process, transferring Lincoln’s body to his resting place (Illinois) ● Lilac = Typical flower of spring ● Metaphor: great star = Lincoln  ● another mood change (Section 4 Lines 18-19) ○ Even the language here is different, without all the flowery adjectives, which adds to the sudden mysterious mood we have here. ● Section 6 (Lincoln’s traveling funeral) ○ There's that coffin again, passing through with that "great cloud darkening the land." Remember the cloud from Section 2? It looks like it's come back to confirm that it's not just covering the speaker's grief, but also "the land" more generally.

Section 12 Lines 89-92 ○ Describe a nice young country that is growing but has a hiccup due to Lincoln’s death ● Section 15 ○ Talking about his own experience ○ Worked as a nurse ● Lines 180-182 ○ Instead those dead soldiers are "fully at rest." The speaker repeats "suffer'd" a few times in order to remind us that it's "the living" who remain who suffer, just like the speaker suffers. He is sad but notes that life goes on and the country will improve. ● Contrast of humanity - temporary; but stars, planet, nature is eternal ● Contrast dead who no longer feels and the families etc that continue suffers. Italics are used when we have quotes ● Put words into birds singing. ● Transcribe into human language. ● Song: Death is not that bad, those who continue on in life family, friends, colleagues are the one who suffers.                          ●

Exam2: 10/28 Anton Chekhov: https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/cherry-orchard/summary https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-cherry-orchard/summary https://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/ac/chorch.htm ● A play is an organic experience ● It is changeable/ variable ● Anton is a playwright  Chekhov: The Cherry Orchard (E, pp. 806--824) Act 1 - 818- Lopakhin- The perfect solution - Apostrophe - Talk to book - Gout- An illness. Pain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes and deposits in the joints. Chekhov: The Cherry Orchard (E, pp. 824-834) Act 2 - Lopakhin: The cherry orchard and the rest of the land has to be subdivided and developed - Emphasize on money when Lubov gave the beggar a gold coin - Crack in the sky = Lightning = Sign of a warning; something will happen; bad omen Chekhov: The Cherry Orchard (E, pp. 834-851) Act 3-4 - August 22nd, day of the auction - Lubov disregard the reality and hire musicians - Impractical, leaving in a dream world. - ventriloquist=an act of stagecraft in which a person creates the illusion that their voice is coming from elsewhere, usually a puppeteered prop, known as a "dummy".  - Names have connotations - Telegraph from her lover, she is living in the past with her orchard and luxuries. - Lopakhin bought land is the climax of the story  Prologue= Start of story Epilogue= End of story (Act 4)  Act 4 Galoshes= Rubber boots, rubber bought back from new world Lubov= Goes back to Paris to her BF// still same as before Barbara/Varya= Goes to new family to work in household Thunderclap/ Lightning bolt= The end of story, loss of the past world of youth, Firs’ lonely death      

Luigi Pirandello https://www.sparknotes.com/drama/sixcharacters/ https://www.gradesaver.com/six-characters-in-search-of-an-author/study-guide/summary-act -i https://www.litcharts.com/lit/six-characters-in-search-of-an-author/summary  Prompter= a person seated out of sight of the audience who supplies a forgotten word or line to an actor during the performance of a play.  Incompatibility Metatheatre = Theatre within a theatre; which one is more real Parlor = living room Amalia= Mom; ironic name. No love and communication between father and mom Rosetta= The Child, drowned The Boy= Suicided; have negative feelings towards the older brother (son)  thatkeep picking on  him. Son=  Son  looks  down  on  them  as  “vulgar  folk”  because  of  his  county  upbringing  and  elite  education. Refuses to  act out  a scene with his Mother that supposedly takes place immediately ...