CNA 152 Quiz summary PDF

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Quiz 1: Introduction to Health Assessment and Clinical Reasoning Why is hand hygiene so important? 1. Microorganisms that may cause infection can be easily transferred via healthcare workers hands 2. Healthcare associated infections are a serious problem in healthcare facilities 3. Hand hygiene can reduce the number of microorganisms on hands

Which of the following is considered an example of objective data?: Alert and oriented Whilst observing a colleague use an alcohol-based rub for hand hygiene, which action indicates that professional peer feedback and further learning about performing the procedure is required?: Dries hands with clean paper towel The nurse/health practitioner uses the dorsal surface (back) of the hand to detect a client’s skin temperature. Which of the following assessment techniques are they utilising?: Palpation Nurses use clinical reasoning to guide their practice and inform their decision making to provide quality patient care. Which stage of the clinical reasoning process are you engaging in when you gather new information about a person's health status with a health history interview and/or physical examination: Consider the patient situation Which stage of the clinical reasoning process are you engaging in when you review information that is currently available about a person (e.g. from the clinical handover report, clinical documentation, electronic medical record): Collect cues/information Which stage of the clinical reasoning process are you engaging in when you interpret information patient assessment data by comparing it to normal expected findings?: Process information Identify problems/issues

Q2: Introduction to Body Structure and Function Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?: organ system, organ, tissue, cell, chemical This system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients: Digestive These two systems control and coordinate the 37 trillion cells in a human. endocrine and nervous systems We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called: Homeostasis When your body temperature falls, you shiver to generate heat and this increases your temperature back to the normal range. This is an example of: Negative feedback What part of a feedback loop processes information and determines an appropriate response? Control center The __________ cavity is inferior to the _____________ cavity. Patients with appendicitis usually have pain in the ________ quadrant of the abdomen. Right low The liver is located mainly in which quadrant of the abdomen? Quadrant (RUQ)

Right Upper

In which quadrant of the abdomen would stomach pain most likely be felt? Left Upper Quadrant

The pulse in the popliteal artery can be palpated by pressing: knee

Behind the patient’s

When measuring a patient's blood pressure, the blood pressure cuff i s wrapped around the most proximal segment of their upper limb . This region is the: brachial region.

Which of the following is LATERAL to the nose?

Eye

The nose is _____ and _____ to the ears.

Anterior, medial

If you are facing a patient in front of you, the left side of the patient is to your: Right Which indicates the front of the body?

Ventral and Anterior

To assess if a child is growing well, serial measurements of weight, length/height (and infant's head circumference), plotted on a growth chart is essential … True A parent brings their 16 month-old child to the clinic for a check up. During the assessment, the practice nurse finds that the child cannot stand next to furniture and does not try to pull himself up from a sitting position. The child is lagging in which of the following processes? Development __________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.

Cells

The supplying of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide in the lungs is a function of the Respiratory system Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains: internal environment, within limits

a relatively stable

Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback mechanisms. In a negative feedback system, the response of the effector: opposes the initial stimulus. What major organs are housed in the thoracic cavity? lungs, heart, oesophagus, trachea In which quadrant of the abdomen would stomach pain most likely be felt? Low

Right

To measure a patient's oral temperature, you would place the thermometer probe: In their mouth The pulse in the femoral artery can be palpated by pressing: at the top of the patient's thigh ven these terms related to homeostatic control systems:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

control centre effector receptor response Stimulus

5, 3, 1, 2, 4

In the anatomical position, the thumb is _____ to the fingers. The chin is ______ to the nose.

Lateral

Inferior

The right shoulder is ______ and __________ to the umbilical region. lateral

superior;

The parents of a 5 month old infant and a 3 year old child ask the nurse about the sequence and timing of developmental tasks (milestones). Which of the following is the most appropriate response? 'The sequence of reaching each milestone should follow the same pattern but may be at a different rate' A nurse is plotting the height and weight of children during a school assessment clinic. Monitoring these patterns is assessing which aspect of the child's health? Growth The cranial cavity and spinal cavity would be found in the posterior(also called dorsal) body cavity. The diaphragm separates the __________ cavity from the __________ cavity. thoracic; abdominopelvic The __________ cavity is inferior to the _____________ cavity. Thoracic cranial To measure a patient's axillary temperature, you would place the thermometer probe: in the centre of their armpit The pedal pulse can be palpated by pressing: The skin is ____ to the skeletal muscles.

on the patient's foot Superficial

The lumbar vertebrae are __________ to the thoracic vertebrae. Inferior The pancreas is a component of which two organ systems? digestive and endocrine Which of the following regions corresponds to the lower back? Lumber

The sternum (breastbone) is _____ to the vertebral column. Anterior The oesophagus is _____ to the trachea. The lips are ____ to the teeth.

Posterior

Anterior

The right shoulder is ______ and __________ to the umbilical region. Superior, lateral The auscultatory gap is the period when Korotkoff sounds can disappear during auscultation of blood pressure. This type of tissue lines body cavities, covers the body surface, and forms the lining of many organs. Epithelial tissue

Which of the following is not a function of the skin? storage of calcium Skin function is regulation of body temperature, protection from dehydration,production of vitamin D,defense from microorganisms If you cut the palm of your hand, but do not bleed but not the dermis

you have injured the epidermis

If the concentration of solutes in the fluid outside of a cell is lower than the concentration inside: water will tend to enter the cell by osmosis What is transported across a cell membrane during osmosis: water Oxygen and nutrients are used by cells for energy production during cellular respiration. In which part of the cell does this process occur?: Mitochondria The energy-producing process in the mitochondria involves a series of reactions in which ______ is consumed and ______ is generated: oxygen; carbon dioxide Stroke volume is: the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle each time the heart contracts The ________________ performs the work of the heart: myocardium The exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues takes place through the walls of: capillaries

Tissue that is specialised for the conduction of electrical impulses is called: nervous tissue Inflamed tissue appears red because: there is increased blood flow to the injured tissues due to vasodilation of arterioles in the injured area Skin becomes less flexible as an individual ages because of a decrease in the number of protein fibres associated with the dermis: True

Q3: Vital Signs When measuring tympanic temperature, the ear tug straightens the external auditory canal, allowing maximum exposure of tympanic membrane. What is the best technique to ensure a proper positioning in adults? Gently pull the pinna of the ear upward and backwards When is it appropriate to measure a person's vital signs? Which of the following factors would affect the accuracy of blood pressure measurement?: Unrecognised auscultatory gap,The patient supports his/her own arm,Blood pressure cuff is too short or too narrow When the patient is in pain: Vital signs should be assessed when there is a change in a patient's health status. Before and after administering certain medications: Vital signs should be assessed before and/or after the administration of a medication that could affect the function of the cardiovascular or respiratory system (as a desired therapeutic effect of the medication or an anticipated side effect). Before and after ambulating a patient who has been on bedrest: Vital signs should be assessed before and after any nursing intervention that could affect the vital signs. On admission to hospital: A person's vital signs should be assessed upon admission to a health care facility in order to obtain baseline data. Before and after a procedure After administration of certain medications When there is a change in the patient's health status When environmental conditions produce an elevation in body temperature, diaphoresis (sweating) results. This is an attempt to cool the body by which method of heat loss? Evaporation Blood pressure homeostasis is maintained by a neural reflex. Blood pressure is continuously monitored by baroreceptors that are sensitive to stretch of the wall of the arch of the aorta and the internal carotid arteries. When blood pressure decreases, information from the baroreceptors is transmitted by nerve impulses to the medulla oblongata in the brain for integration. The medulla oblongata sends nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels throughout the body. In response, the heart beats faster and with greater strength which increases the amount of blood pumped out of the heart, and the blood vessels constrict. Which part of this homeostatic control mechanism is the effector(s)? heart and blood vessels

The medulla oblongata is the cardiovascular control centre in this homeostatic control mechanism Tachypnoea in an adult patient is defined as: a respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute Which vital sign is most susceptible to conscious control?

Respirations

Pulse oximetry measures: the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen molecules in arterial blood. Has good blood flow (perfusion) and warm peripheries The body has receptors that detect blood pressure, but does not have receptors that detect heart rate. Which of the following remains relatively stable when the internal environment of the body or the external environment changes? Blood pressure ➔ Homeostatic processes require a sensor (receptor) to detect that there has been a change in a controlled variable. When body temperature increases above the normal range, thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the increase in body temperature. The heatloss centre of the hypothalamus is activated, which sends signals to blood vessels and sweat glands. In response, blood vessels in the skin dilate and sweat glands release sweat. Determine the part of this homeostatic control system that serves as the effector(s). blood vessels and sweat glands A fever develops when chemical substances in the blood (pyrogens released by cells of the immune system) reset the desired core body temperature (set point in the hypothalamus) to a new higher level. At the onset of a fever, commands sent out from the hypothalamus to increase core temperature towards the new set point would initiate: Blood pressure If you become overheated, which of the following responses of a homeostatic control system are used to lower your body temperature? sweating and vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin

Quiz 4: Cardiovascular System The left ventricle contracts NOW. The right ventricle contracts ____ the left ventricle did: at the same time as Blood return to the heart through the veins is aided by: a blood pressure difference from the venules to the right atrium,skeletal muscle contraction,increased respiratory activity,total blood volume in circulation When checking carotid pulses, it is important to check them: one at a time The pulmonary arteries bring _____ blood to the _____ . pulmonary capillaries in the lungs The ________________ performs the work of the heart.

deoxygenated;

myocardium

Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood into the _____ ; semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the _____ . atria; ventricles The right ventricle pumps blood to

the lungs

The left and right pulmonary veins carry blood to the

the heart

The amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute is the: cardiac output The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the stroke volume Stroke volume is: the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle each time the heart contracts Blood return to the heart through the veins is aided by: ● ● ● ●

a blood pressure difference from the venules to the right atrium skeletal muscle contraction increased respiratory activity total blood volume in circulation

Veins that contain valves are located mostly in the: The precordium is vessels.

Limbs

:the area of the anterior thorax overlying the heart and great

The first heart sound (S1) is heard when the tricuspid and mitral valves close when the ventricles begin to contract.

The second heart sound (S2) signifies the closing of the pulmonary and aortic valve, You are preparing to assess an adult patient's apical pulse. Which anatomic location should you use to make this assessment? Left midclavicular line, fifth intercostal space During the physical assessment of a patient, you observe that their skin is pale. This finding is called: Pallor ____________ carry oxygen-poor blood.

Venae cavae and pulmonary arteries

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the coronary arteries The cardiac muscle in the heart wall receives oxygen and nutrients from the: coronary arteries A,B,E,T,M: ● ● ● ● ●

Aortic area: 2nd ICN to right of the sternum ICN: Inter costal space Pulmonic area: 2nd ICN to left of the sternum Erb’s point: 3rd ICN to left of the sternum Tricuspid: 5th ICN to left of the sternum Mital(apical pulse place): 5th ICN at the left midclavicular line

You wish to listen to heart sounds in the pulmonic area. To do this, you should place the stethoscope at the: Second intercostal space to the left of the sternum You wish to listen to heart sounds in the tricuspid area. To do this, you should place the stethoscope at the: Fifth intercostal space to the left of the sternum You wish to listen to heart sounds in the mitral area. To do this, you should place the stethoscope at the: Fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line When auscultating the left common carotid artery, the nurse notes a ‘swishing’ sound. The nurse interprets this finding as suggesting which of the following? turbulent blood flow through through a narrowed vessel On performing a lying and standing blood pressure, a decrease of at least 20 mmHg for systolic blood pressure and at least 10 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure within 3 minutes of standing up indicates that the patient may have: orthostatic hypotension The _____ has the thickest wall in a normal heart because it pumps blood to the

_____ . Left ventricle, systemic circuit The left ventricle pumps blood to

the systemic circuit.

Which of the following contains oxygenated blood in an adult human? pulmonary veins As blood passes through capillaries: fluid and small solutes move from the blood to the surrounding tissue fluid through narrow gaps in the capillary walls. Oedema may occur as a result of: ● the inflammatory response with increased fluid movement into tissues through the wall of 'leakier' capillaries ● decreased osmotic pressure of the blood causing less fluid to be reabsorbed from the tissues back into capillaries ● increased blood pressure in capillaries causing more fluid to move from the capillaries into the tissues The sequence of contraction of the heart chambers is:

5: Respiratory System Which of the following is an indicator of respiratory distress in a patient?: Leaning forward with hands on the knees or another surface,Speaking only in words,Use of accessory muscles when breathing Functionally, the bronchi are considered to be part of the _____ division of the respiratory system.; conducting The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the: pharynx The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the: epiglottis Ventilation refers to the process by which: air moves into and out of the lungs. Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by the pulmonary artery The following is a list of passageways that air flows through: Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx,Trachea, Bronchi,Bronchioles nasal cavities (or oral cavity) > pharynx > larynx>trachea > primary bronchi (right & left) > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli (site of gas exchange). On each side of the chest, the _____ pleura lines the inner thoracic wall, while the _____ pleura tightly covers the lung. parietal; visceral Epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are ciliated. The function of the cilia is to: move mucus towards the pharynx Air flows into the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is: less than atmospheric pressure The process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is:pulmonary ventilation In normal quiet breathing, ______ involves muscular contractions while ______ requires no muscular effort. inspiration; expiration

Pulmonary gas exchange refers to the process by which: dissolved gases move by diffusion between the alveoli and the circulating blood During expiration, the volume of the thorax _____ as the diaphragm _____. decreases; relaxes In normal health, blood flowing through the pulmonary arteries contains: less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary veins. In normal health, blood flowing through the pulmonary veins contains: more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary arteries. The level of ________ in your body is the most important driving factor for changing your rate and depth of breathing. carbon dioxide Most of the carbon dioxide in the venous blood is plasma

as bicarbonate ions in the

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is: erythrocytes.

bound to haemoglobin in

What is the advantage of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth? The nose warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air. Pulmonary gas exchange refers to the process by which: by diffusion between the alveoli and the circulating blood

dissolved gases move

Tissue gas exchange refers to the process by which: dissolved gases move by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid Which of the following best explains why humans must constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive? Oxygen is necessary for the process of cellular respiration, which results in the production of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions The thoracic anatomic landmark at the junction of the manubriu...